Cytotoxic and antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds from Tagetes patula flower

Figures & data

Figure 1. Bioassay-guided extraction and fractionation of T. patula flower.

Figure 2. Chemical structure of pure compounds of T. patula flower.

Figure 3. The bar graph represents concentrations values of (a) GI₅₀ (50% cell growth inhibition) and (b) LC₅₀ (50% cell kill) of T. patula methanol extract (JFM) and its fractions (JFM-PI, JFM-P, JFM-DC-D, JFM-DC-I, JFM-EA-DF, JFM-EA-DI, and JFM-Bu) against PC-3 (

), HeLa (

), HT-144 (

), MCF-7 (

), SF-268 (

), and NCI-H460 (

) cancer cell lines.

Table 1. Growth inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of extract, fraction and pure compounds of T. patula flower and standard anticancer agents against HeLa cell line.

	Doses	% Cell growth	(µg/mL)
Treatment	(µg/mL)	inhibition/kill	GI50	LC50
Methanol extract (JFM)	1	+15 ± 5.00	7.30 ± 0.90^d	37.00 ± 0.30^e
	10	+62 ± 2.00***
	50	−91 ± 0.60***
	100	−97 ± 1.00***
	250	−98 ± 1.00***
Ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (JFM-EA-DI)	1	+15 ± 1.00	3.50 ± 0.30^b	25.00 ± 1.10^d
	5	+87 ± 2.00***
	10	−31 ± 1.00***
	50	−80 ± 2.00***
	100	−94 ± 2.00***
Pure compounds	(µM)
Patuletin	0.001	+1.0 ± 0.10	0.60 ± 0.10^a (2.00 ± 0.10)	2.50 ± 0.10^a (7.50 ± 0.20)
	0.01	+1.0 ± 0.10
	0.1	+2.0 ± 0.50
	1	+35 ± 3.00**
	10	−91 ± 5.00***
Patulitrin	0.1	+17 ± 6.00	5.00 ± 2.00^c (11.00 ± 3.00)	>100
	1	+32 ± 9.00
	5	+35 ± 8.00
	50	−22 ± 4.00
	100	−48 ± 4.00***
Methyl protocatechuate (HBAM)	0.01	+2.0 ± 1.00	9.30 ± 0.10^e (57.00 ± 0.60)	>100
	0.1	+2.0 ± 1.00
	1	+6.0 ± 2.00
	10	+8.0 ± 1.00*
	100	+95 ± 0.60***
Anticancer drugs
Doxorubicin	0.001	+4.0 ± 0.40	0.35 ± 0.02^a (0.60 ± 0.03)	4.00 ± 0.08^b (7.10 ± 0.10)
	0.01	+5.0 ± 1.00
	0.1	+26 ± 2.00**
	1	+69 ± 3.00***
	10	−94 ± 1.00***
Cisplatin	0.1	+25 ± 2.00**	1.20 ± 0.24^a (4.00 ± 0.80)	15.00 ± 0.60^c (46.00 ±2.00)
	1	+42 ± 2.00***
	10	+66 ± 1.00***
	50	−69 ± 8.00***
	100	−63 ±  8.00***

Control absorbance (520 nm): (2.2 ± 0.3). Growth inhibition: +; cytotoxicity: −. Each value represents percent mean ± SEM as compared to control (n = 3). GI₅₀ and LC₅₀ are concentrations of drug causing 50% cell growth inhibition and kill. Asterisk indicates significant (p < 0.05*, p < 0.01** and p < 0.001***) growth inhibition and/or cytotoxicity compared with the respective controls. Values within parenthesis are expressed in (µM).

^a–eHomogeneous means are represented by similar alphabetical superscripts in vertical columns.

Table 2. IC₅₀ values representing DPPH^•, OH^•, and LOO^• radicals scavenging activity of extract, fraction, and pure compounds of T. patula flower and standard antioxidant agents.

	(µg/mL)
Treatment	DPPH assay (DPPH^•)	Deoxy ribose assay (OH^•)	Lipid peroxidation assay (LOO^•)
Methanol extract (JFM)	41.00 ± 0.80^d,2	5.80 ± 1.10^a,b,1	23.00 ± 3.00^c,2
Ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (JFM-EA-DI)	6.50 ± 0.2^c,1	9.00 ± 1.50^b,1	8.60 ± 0.50^a,1
Pure compounds
Methyl protocatechuate (HBAM)	2.10 ± 0.06^a,1	2.75 ± 0.50^a,1	30.00 ± 2.60^d,2
Patuletin	3.80 ± 0.2^b,1	7.80 ± 1.00^b,2	6.50 ± 0.70^a,1
Patulitrin	6.40 ± 0.12^c,1	17.00 ± 1.00^c,2	17.00 ± 1.70^b,2
Standard agents
Quercetin	3.30 ± 0.25^b,1	6.20 ± 1.00^a,b,2	6.90 ± 0.50^a,2
Rutin	7.33 ± 0.10^c,1	7.30 ± 1.00^b,1	>100^e,2

Each value represents percent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. IC₅₀ indicates concentration of drug causing 50% scavenging of DPPH^•, hydroxyl (OH^•), and peroxy (LOO^•) radicals.

^a–dHomogenous means are represented by similar alphabetical superscripts in columns.

^1–2Homogenous means are represented by similar numerical superscripts in rows.

Table 3. IC₅₀ values representing H₂O₂–Cl⁻ and radicals scavenging effects of extract, fraction, and pure compounds of T. patula flower along with standard antioxidant agents.

	(µg/mL)
Treatment	Human whole blood (H2O2–Cl^−)	Human neutrophils (H2O2–Cl^−)	Human neutrophils ()	Mice macrophages (H2O2–Cl^−)
Methanol extract (JFM)	56.00 ± 0.30^d,3	39.60 ± 2.40^c,2	30.60 ± 1.60^b,1	28.60 ± 0.300^d,1
Ethyl acetate insoluble fraction (JFM-EA-DI)	14.00 ± 2.00^b,1	33.00 ± 0.30^b,2	>50.00^d,2	14.30 ± 3.00^c,1
Pure compounds
Methyl protocatechuate (HBAM)	3.00 ± 0.36^a,2	2.75 ± 0.200^a,2	38.00 ± 1.30^c,3	0.50 ± 0.01^a,1
Patuletin	3.50 ± 0.20^a,1	3.40 ± 0.20^a,1	27.50 ± 1.30^a,2	3.00 ± 0.10^b,1
Patulitrin	6.40 ± 1.30^b,1	32.00 ± 2.50^b,2	>50.00^d,3	16.30 ± 1.30^c,1
Standard agents
Quercetin	7.00 ± 0.30^a,b,2	3.90 ± 0.20^a,1	>50.00^d,3	3.30 ± 0.80^b,1
Rutin	23.00 ± 3.60^c,2	29.60 ± 2.80^b,2	>50.00^d,4	4.50 ± 0.10^b,1

Each value represents percent mean ± SEM of three independent experiments conducted in triplicate. IC₅₀ indicates concentration of drug causing 50% scavenging of H₂O₂–Cl⁻ and superoxide () radicals.

^a–dHomogenous means are represented by similar alphabetical superscripts in columns.

^1,4Homogenous means are represented by similar numerical superscripts in rows.