Effects of a triplex mixture of Peganum harmala, Rhus coriaria, and Urtica dioica aqueous extracts on metabolic and histological parameters in diabetic rats

Figures & data

Table 1. List of animal groups with different treatments.

Groups	Status and treatment
1	Healthy, treated with saline in equivalent volume to the test treatments
2	Diabetic, treated with saline in equivalent volume to the test treatments
3	Diabetic, treated with aqueous extract of PH (200 mg/kg)
4	Diabetic, treated with aqueous extract of RC (200 mg/kg)
5	Diabetic, treated with aqueous extract of UD (200 mg/kg)
6	Diabetic, treated with triplex mixture of PH, RC and UD (200 mg/kg)
7	Diabetic, treated with glibenclamide (0.16 mg/kg)

Table 2. Summary of the variables and results of ANOVA.

		Means of square
SOV	df	ALP	ALT	AST	VLDL-C	LDL-C	HDL-C	TG	TC	BG	Creatinine
Replication	3	22 802.76^ns	712.6^ns	1566^ns	6.59^ns	3.89^ns	4.72^ns	88^ns	105.76^ns	1597.76^ns	0.0002^ns
Treatment	6	50 658.81**	14 235.65**	41 445.65**	21.18**	66.53**	127.72**	415.08**	252.11*	97 294.5**	0.033**
Error	18	31 616	2533.16	5857.86	2.68	3.84	12.90	63.95	86.26	2423.92	0.002
% CV	–	22.40	30.06	27.44	12.78	18.09	14	12.41	11.94	21.73	5.2

^nsNon-significant.

**Significant at 0.01 p value; *significant at 0.05 p value.

Table 3. Multiple comparison of variables between studied groups of animals using least significance test (LSD).

	Means ± SD
	U/l			mg/dL
Group	ALP	ALT	AST	VLDL-C	LDL-C	HDL-C	TG	TC	BG	Creatinine
Group 1 (healthy)	311.8 ± 8.8	83.5 ± 3.1	178.2 ± 2.0	22.2 ± 0.8	67.9 ± 0.4	41.7 ± 0.8	54.1 ± 1.5	70.2 ± 0.9	112.2 ± 2.2	0.82±0.0
Group 2 (diabetic)	1413.3 ± 232.3	251.2 ± 45.7	278.7 ± 66.0	20.0 ± 0.7	124.2 ± 0.5	33.0 ± 2.8	69.2 ± 8.3	81.7 ± 4.3	500.0 ± 8.1	1.04 ± 0.0
Group 3 (PH)	631.3 ± 114.3	141.7 ± 30.5	277.0 ± 51.3	25.6 ± 1.3	69.6 ± 0.8	51.8 ± 0.8	63.2 ± 4.7	71.5 ± 15.6	105.0 ± 12.9	0.90 ± 0.0
Group 4 (RC)	912.5 ± 232.2	144.2 ± 17.6	284.0 ± 43.3	33.2 ± 2.5	61.2 ± 2.2	57.5 ± 5.5	82.7 ± 12.6	82.0 ± 1.4	392.5 ± 9.5	1.04 ± 0.0
Group 5 (UD)	1012.5 ± 165.2	243.0 ± 93.7	485.0 ± 145.7	23.3 ± 1.5	38.5 ± 0.5	67.0 ± 2.0	55.2 ± 8.7	78.7 ± 34.4	156.2 ± 34.4	0.83 ± 0.0
Group 6 (triple mixture)	692.5 ± 147.9	151.2 ± 28.0	267.0 ± 63.5	25.0 ± 2.1	66.5 ± 4.4	58.5 ± 5.0	57.2 ± 2.0	69.2 ± 120.2	190.7 ± 120.2	0.89 ± 0.0
Group 7 (glibenclamide)	581.3 ± 205.5	156.7 ± 54.6	182.0 ± 50.6	30.2 ± 2.5	103.2 ± 0.9	49.5 ± 3.4	69.0 ± 11.6	91.0 ± 10.6	128.7 ± 13.1	0.94 ± 0.0
5% LSD	264.1	74.7	113.7	2.43	2.91	5.33	11.88	13.79	73.14	0.071

Figure 1. Microscopic structure of liver of a (a) control rat (group 1) and (b) diabetic rat (group 2) showing marked portal areas, mild piecemeal necrosis, and 1–4 foci per field; (c) PH-treated diabetic rat (group 3) showing moderate portal areas, mild piecemeal necrosis, and 1–4 foci per field; (d) RC-treated diabetic rat (group 4) showing mild portal areas and 1–4 foci per field; (e) UD-treated diabetic rat (group 5) showing moderate portal areas, mild piecemeal necrosis, and 1–4 foci per field; (f) triplex mixture-treated diabetic rat (group 6) showing mild portal areas. All slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (original magnification ×10).

Figure 2. Microscopic structure of liver of a glibencalmide-treated diabetic rat showing moderate portal areas, mild piecemeal necrosis, and 1–4 foci per field. The slide stained with hematoxylin and eosin (original magnification ×10).

Figure 3. Microscopic structure of kidney of a (a) control rat (group 1) and (b) diabetic rat (group 2) showing sever glomerular distension; (c) PH-treated diabetic rat (group 3) showing only a mild glomerular distension; (d) RC-treated diabetic rat (group 4) showing no pathological condition; (e) UD-treated diabetic rat (group 5) showing only a mild glomerular distension; (f) triplex mixture-treated diabetic rat (group 6) showing no pathological condition. All slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (original magnification ×10).

Figure 4. Microscopic structure of kidney of a glibencalmide-treated diabetic rat showing only a mild glomerular distension. The slide stained with hematoxylin and eosin (original magnification ×10).