The regulatory effects of Cissus quadrangularis on some enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Figures & data

Figure 1. Fasting blood glucose levels. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with the diabetic group. Similar alphabets indicate no significant difference between groups.

Figure 2. Glycated hemoglobin levels. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with the diabetic group. Similar alphabets indicate no significant difference between groups.

Figure 3. Plasma insulin levels. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with the diabetic group. Similar alphabets indicate no significant difference between groups.

Table 1. Activities of toxicity markers in liver (IU/L).

Parameters	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
ALP	114.32 ± 10.96	170.94 ± 16.41^a	145.52 ± 13.96^b	128.46 ± 12.33^c	127.48 ± 12.24^c
GGT	18.78 ± 1.80	35.41 ± 3.40^a	27.41 ± 2.64^b	24.48 ± 2.36^b	25.57 ± 2.47^b
ALT	40.83 ± 3.93	65.4 ± 5.71^a	56.93 ± 5.46^b	51.04 ± 4.90^b	51.83 ± 4.98^b
AST	66.36 ± 6.36	95.28 ± 9.15^a	79.97 ± 7.67^b	73.17 ± 7.02^b	76.57 ± 7.35^b

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with the diabetic group. Similar alphabets in the same row indicate no significant difference between groups.

Figure 4. Hepatic glycogen content. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with diabetic group. Similar alphabets indicate no significant difference between groups.

Table 2. Activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes.

Parameters	Group I	Group II	Group III	Group IV	Group V
Hexokinase^d	16.56 ± 1.59	7.95 ± 0.77^a	10.26 ± 0.99^b	15.26 ± 1.53^c	14.85 ± 1.29^c
Pyruvatekinase^e	33.09 ± 3.18	12.57 ± 1.14^a	25.40 ± 2.43^b	29.08 ± 2.81^c	27.80 ± 2.54^b,c
Glucose-6-phosphatase^f	19.61 ± 1.70	66.36 ± 6.72^a	44.93 ± 4.30^b	39.86 ± 4.04^b	39.81 ± 4.01^b
Fructose 1,6-diphosphatase^f	69.70 ± 6.36	133.20 ± 13.47^a	118.40 ± 11.97^b	94.12 ± 9.52^c	101.50 ± 10.85^c
Glycogen phosphorylase^g	52.07 ± 5.00	83.46 ± 8.01^a	62.79 ± 6.02^b	61.26 ± 5.88^b	61.80 ± 5.93^b

Values are expressed as mean ± SD of six rats in each group; significance accepted at p < 0.05; ^astatistically significant as compared with the normal group; ^b,cstatistically significant as compared with the diabetic group. Similar alphabets in the same row indicate no significant difference between groups. ^dmg glucose phosphorylated/min/mg protein; ^eunits/mg protein; ^fµmol of P_i liberated/h/mg protein, ^gµmol of P_i liberated/min/mg protein.

Figure 5. Histopathology of liver. (A) Normal control – normal hepatocytes showing normal architecture. (B) Diabetic control – extensive hepatocellular damage in the form of inflammation, sinusoidal dilation, fatty changes, and extensive vacuolization with disappearance of nuclei. (C)–(E) Diabetic + CQSF shows only mild inflammation, and there is restoration of normal tissue morphology.

Table 3. Chemical composition of CQSF extract.

RT	Name	Molecular formula	Molecular weight	Peak area %
9.296	Ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-	C9H10O2	150.18	0.14
11.538	Niacinamide	C6H6N2O	122.12	0.86
14.455	Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	C14H22O	206.32	22.82
17.215	Diethyl 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylate	C11H13NO4	223.23	3.35
26.201	Cyclohexene, 1,5,5-trimethyl-6-methylene	C10H16	136.23	2.2
28.378	N-Methyl-1-adamantaneacetamide	C13H21NO	207.31	37.57
38.107	13-Docosen-1-ol, (Z)-	C22H44O	324.58	1.31
41.651	N-Nitrosohemanthidine lactone	C17H16N2O6	344.32	0.5
46.997	Fluorometholone	C22H29FO4	376.46	0.3
52.207	5-Benzofuranpropanol, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyph	C13H17NO2	219.28	13.14