The effect of lipoic acid on acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats with reference to biochemical, hematological, and behavioral alterations

Figures & data

Table 1. Effect of acrylamide and pretreatment with lipoic acid on the body weight (g) of exposed rats.

	1 week	2nd week	3rd week	4th week
I	169.2 ± 8.6^a	186.5 ± 8.7^a	209.8 ± 9.2^a	236.5 ± 8.9^a
II	161.4 ± 4.8^a	166.5 ± 5.2^c	170.3 ± 6.4^c	179.6 ± 6.5^c
III	164.3 ± 8.9^a	176.4 ± 9.3^b	181.5 ± 4.7^b	191.6 ± 7.7^b
IV	164.1 ± 6.4^a	188.2 ± 5.3^a	207.6 ± 7.4^a	228.1 ± 7.2^a

Values are expressed as mean ± SE.

The values with different superscript letters within the same column significantly differ at p < 0.05. I, control group; II, acrylamide-treated group; III, acrylamide + lipoic acid-treated group; IV, lipoic acid-treated group.

Table 2. Time course of change in gait scores for acrylamide-treated rats with and without lipoic acid.

	Number of rats with each grade (grade 1/grade 2/grade 3/grade 4)^a
	1st week	2nd week	3rd week	4th week
I	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0
II	4/1/0/0	0/4/1/0	0/2/1/2	0/0/1/4
III	5/0/0/0	0/4/1/0	0/4/1/0	0/0/3/2
IV	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0	5/0/0/0

The number of animals: five per each group.

^aThe degree of abnormalities: grade 1, normal gait; grade 2, slightly abnormal gait with slight degree of ataxia and foot splay; grade 3, moderately abnormal gait with moderate degree of ataxia, foot splay, and limb abduction; grade 4, severely affected gait with hind limb paralysis including inability to support the body weight as well as foot splay. I, control group; II, acrylamide-treated group; III, acrylamide + lipoic acid-treated group; IV, lipoic acid-treated group.

Table 3. Effect of acrylamide and pretreatment with lipoic acid on hematological parameters of rats.

	RBCs (10^6/μl)	Hb (g/dl)	PCV (%)	MCV (fl)	MCH (pg)	MCHC (%)	WBCs (10^3/μl)
I	7.18 ± 0.21^b	13.74 ± 0.37^a	41.61 ± 0.75^a	59.64 ± 0.21^a	19.15 ± 0.34^ab	33.03 ± 0.73^ab	8.56 ± 0.39^bc
II	3.75 ± 0.21^d	7.78 ± 0.55^c	20.81 ± 1.02^c	55.61 ± 1.83^ab	20.84 ± 1.43^a	35.98 ± 1.45^a	5.36 ± 0.62^c
III	5.63 ± 0.21^c	11.12 ±0.29^b	33.41 ± 0.75^b	58.33 ± 0.93^ab	19.78 ± 0.44^ab	33.32 ± 0.81^ab	7.52 ± 0.31^b
IV	7.94 ± 0.21^a	13.88 ± 0.34^a	43.21 ± 0.81^a	54.55 ± 1.49^b	17.52 ± 0.51^b	30.02 ± 2.46^b	9.48 ± 0.31^a

Values are expressed as mean ± SE.

The values with different superscript letters within the same row significantly differ at p < 0.05. I, control group; II, acrylamide-treated group; III, acrylamide + lipoic acid-treated group; IV, lipoic acid-treated group.

Table 4. Effect of acrylamide and pretreatment with lipoic acid on enzymatic biomarkers of brain functions in serum and brain tissues of rats.

	Control	Acrylamide	Acrylamide + lipoic acid	Lipoic acid
Serum
CK (U/l)	316.21 ± 26.12^a	227.31 ± 20.69^a	258.71 ± 37.97^a	326.42 ± 36.11^a
LDH (U/l)	550.89 ± 14.64^b	681.03 ± 19.08^a	554.41 ± 11.61^b	442.81 ± 13.13^c
AChE (U/l)	158.68 ± 3.32^a	124.82 ± 2.72^c	145.42 ± 2.31^b	160.95 ± 2.41^a
Brain
CK (U/g tissue)	16.34 ± 1.57^a	1.49 ± 0.16^c	8.01 ± 1.13^b	16.74 ± 1.55^a
LDH (U/g tissue)	245.95 ± 10.78^b	64.91 ± 2.55^c	247.57 ± 1 1.51^b	666.31 ± 30.11^a
AChE (U/g tissue)	216.61 ± 4.78^a	106.04 ± 6.71^c	147.09 ± 9.29^b	231.54 ± 4.52^a

Values are expressed as mean ± SE.

The values with different superscript letters within the same row significantly differ at p < 0.05.

Table 5. Effect of acrylamide and pretreatment with lipoic acid on oxidative stress and antioxidant status of rats.

	Control	Acrylamide	Acrylamide + lipoic acid	Lipoic acid
MDA (nmol/g tissue)	90.27 ± 3.05^c	246.62 ± 4.37^a	185.91 ± 6.04^b	78.93 ± 7.11^c
GSH (μmol/g tissue)	37.74 ± 3.06^b	13.52 ± 1.56^d	23.91 ± 1.43^c	46.35 ± 2.21^a
GST (U/g tissue)	355.34 ± 12.39^b	187.56 ± 4.17^d	261.08 ± 6.91^c	422.06 ± 12.03^a
GPX (U/g tissue)	125.29 ± 5.11^b	72.17 ± 3.34^c	81.41 ± 17.56^c	157.88 ± 2.53^a
GR (U/g tissue)	51.91 ± 2.13^a	16.71 ± 2.67^c	27.81 ± 2.56^b	55.47 ± 2.61^a

Values are expressed as mean ± SE.

The values with different superscript letters within the same row significantly differ at p < 0.05.