Differential effects of the essential oils of Lavandula luisieri and Eryngium duriaei subsp. juresianum in cell models of two chronic inflammatory diseases

Figures & data

Table 1. Classes of compounds and major constituents of the essential oils tested.

	L. luisieri			E. duriaei subsp. juresianum			O. maritimus			L. eliasii			T. villosa
	Total %	Major compounds (≥2.0%)		Total %	Major compounds (≥2.0%)		Total %	Major compounds (≥2.0%)		Total %	Major compounds (≥2.0%)		Total %	Major compounds (≥2.0%)
Monoterpene  hydrocarbons	6.4	α-Pinene 3,5-Dimethyllene-1,4,	2.3	1.9	–		10.3	α-Pinene	6.7	73.5	α-Pinene Sabinene	30.5 11	58.5	Limonene	57.6
		4-trimethylcyclopentene	2.5								β-Pinene	21.7
											Myrcene	3.5
											Limonene	2.7
Oxygen containing	61.8	1,8-Cineol	2.5	–			85.6	Filifolone	12.2	3.3	–		0.4	–
monoterpenes		trans-α-Necrodyl acetate	16.0					Chrysanthenone	57.2
		trans-α-Necrodol	8.4					Chrysanthenyl	10.1
		Lavandulyl acetate	6.1					acetate
		2,3,4,4-Tetramethyl-5-methyllene-cyclopent-2-enone	5.2
		Lyratyl acetate	3.5
		Linalool	3.1
		1,1,2,3-Tetramethyl-4-hidroxymethyl-2-ciclopentene	2.4
Sesquiterpene	7.1	–		41.4	α-Neocallitropsene	26	0.1	–		3.9	–		t	–
hydrocarbons					E-Caryophyllene	6.3
					Bicyclogermacrene	3.8
					β-Selinene	3.0
Oxygen containing	12.4	Viridiflorol	3.3	40.1	Isocaryophyllen-14-al	16.2	t	–		0.7	–		t	–
sequiterpenes		α-Cadinol	2.0		14-Hydroxy- β-caryophyllene	13.4
					Caryophyllene oxide	7.6
Phenylpropanoids	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		36.7	Methyleugenol	35.9
Aliphatic compounds	0.2	–		1.2	–		–	–		7.7	n-Nonane	7.4	0.1	–
Total %	87.9			84.6			96			89.1			95.8

Figure 1. Viability of human chondrocytes (A and B) and C2BBe1 cells (C and D) treated with the EOs for 24 h in the absence (A and C) or presence (B and D) of the respective pro-inflammatory stimulus. Each column represents, at least, four independent experiments. The dotted line represents the limit below which cell viability is impaired. §p < 0.05 and §§p < 0.01 relative to the respective control (untreated) cells.

Figure 2. Effect of EOs on iNOS protein expression in human chondrocytes left untreated (Ctrl) or treated with IL-1β, 10 ng/mL, for 24 h, after pre-treatment with each EO. The images shown are representative of, at least, three independent experiments. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 relative to cells treated with IL-1β. #p < 0.05 and ##p < 0.01 between different concentrations of the same essential oil (one-way ANOVA).

Figure 3. Effect of EOs on iNOS protein expression in C2BBe1 cells left untreated (Ctrl) or treated with CytMix, for 24 h, after pre-treatment with each EO. The images shown are representative of, at least, three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 relative to cells treated with CytMix.

Figure 4. Effect of EOs on IL-1β-induced NO production in human chondrocytes left untreated (Ctrl) or treated with IL-1β, 10 ng/mL, for 24 h, after pre-treatment with each EO. Each column represents, at least, four independent experiments. *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001 relative to IL-1β-treated cells.

Figure 5. Effect of EOs of L. luisieri and E. duriaei subsp. juresianum on IL-1β-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation in chondrocytes left untreated (Ctrl) or treated with IL-1β, 10 ng/mL, for 5 (A) or 30 min (B) after pre-treatment with the EOs or Bay 11-7082 (5 µM). The images shown are representative of, at least, four independent experiments. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 relative to IL-1β-treated cells. §p < 0.05 and §§§p < 0.001 relative to Ctrl.

Figure 6. Effect of EOs of L. luisieri on CytMix-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and degradation in intestinal C2BBe1 cells left untreated (Ctrl) or treated with CytMix for 5 min (A) or 30 min (B) after pre-treatment with the EO or Bay 11-7082 (5 µM). The images shown are representative of, at least, four independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 relative to CytMix-treated cells. §§§p < 0.001 relative to Ctrl and ###p < 0.001 between different concentrations of the same essential oil (one-way ANOVA).