Anti-inflammatory potential of a lipid-based formulation of a rotenoid-rich fraction prepared from Boerhavia diffusa

Figures & data

Figure 1. ¹H NMR spectra: (A), phosphatidylcholine (PC); (B), rotenoid-rich fraction-phospholipid complex (RRF-PC) in CDCl₃.

Figure 2. FTIR spectra of phosphatidylcholine (PC), rotenoid-rich fraction-phospholipid complex (RRF-PC) and rotenoid-rich fraction (RRF).

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of rotenoid-rich fraction-phospholipid complex (RRF-PC).

Table 1. Particle size, PDI, and Zeta potential of phospholipid formulation.

Formulation	Particle size (nm)	PDI	Zeta potential (mV)
RRF-PC	532.6 ± 13.4	0.652 ± 0.010	−8.77 ± 0.79

Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3). RRF-PC, rotenoid-rich fraction–phospholipid complex.

Table 2. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of phospholipid formulation.

		Mean paw volume (% inhibition of edema)
Fraction/formulation	Dose (mg/kg)	0 h	3 h	5 h
Control	–	1.16 ± 0.01	1.38 ± 0.02	1.39 ± 0.02
RRF	100	1.15 ± 0.01	1.30 ± 0.02 (41.60)***	1.28 ± 0.02 (48.53)***
RRF-PC	100	1.16 ± 0.03	1.27 ± 0.03 (51.15)***	1.24 ± 0.03 (64.26)***
Ibuprofen	100	1.10 ± 0.03	1.23 ± 0.03 (42.65)***	1.22 ± 0.03 (50.41)***

0.5% HPMC suspension was used as a vehicle for RRF, RRF-PC, and ibuprofen; data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6).

***p < 0.001 in comparison with the control group.

Figure 4. Pharmacokinetic study of rotenoid-rich fraction (RRF) and rotenoid-rich fraction-phospholipid complex (RRF-PC) in rat plasma.

Table 3. Pharmacokinetic study of boeravinone B.

Fraction/formulation	Cmax (ng/mL)	Tmax (h)	AUC0−∞ (ng/mL h)	Relative bioavailability
RRF	40.05 ± 3.90	6	418.46 ± 19.13	–
RRF-PC	75.27 ± 10.79	6	831.53 ± 31.91	198.71

Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5).

Figure 5. Structures of phosphatidylcholine (1) and phospholipid complex of phytoconstituents (2).