Transdermal absorption enhancing effect of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis on percutaneous absorption of Na diclofenac from topical gel

Figures & data

Table 1. The constituents of investigated formulations.

	Formulation constituents (% w/v)
Formulation code	Na Diclofenac	HPMC^a	Carbopol	TEA^b	Glycerin	Tween 80	Rosemary essential oil	Preserved water^c
F1	1	0.5	–	–	10	0.2	–	88.30
F2	1	1	–	–	10	0.2	–	87.80
F3	1	1.5	–	–	10	0.2	–	87.30
F4	1	2	–	–	10	0.2	–	86.80
F5	1	–	0.25	0.2	10	0.2	–	88.35
F6^d	1	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.2	–	87.90
F7	1	–	0.75	0.6	10	0.2	–	87.45
F8	1	–	1	0.8	10	0.2	–	87.00
F9	1	–	0.5	0.4	20	0.1	–	78.00
F10	1	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.1	–	88.00
F11	1	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.2	0.1	87.80
F12	1	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.2	0.5	87.40
F13	1	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.2	1	86.90
Vehicle	–	–	0.5	0.4	10	0.2	–	88.90

^aHPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

^bTEA, tri-ethanolamine.

^cPreserved water: deionized water + 0.18% methyl paraben + 0.02% propyl paraben.

^dSelected formulation.

Figure 1. The major constituents of the essential oil of the aerial parts of Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Figure 2. The effect of the presence of rosemary essential oil (0.1%) in Na Diclofenac (1%) topical preparation on tail-flick latency; values are mean ± SD (n = 6 animals per group).

Figure 3. The effect of the presence of rosemary essential oil (0.5%) in Na Diclofenac (1%) topical preparation on tail-flick latency; values are mean ± SD (n = 6 animals per group). **p < 0.001 (Student–Newman–Keuls test).

Figure 4. The effect of the presence of rosemary essential oil (1%) in Na Diclofenac (1%) topical preparation on tail-flick latency; values are mean ± SD (n = 6 animals per group). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (Student–Newman–Keuls test).

Figure 5. The effect of the presence of rosemary essential oil (0.1, 0.5, and 1%) in Na Diclofenac (1%) topical preparation on the first phase (0–5 min) anti-nociception in the formalin test; values are mean ± SD (n = 6 animals per group). *p < 0.05 (Student–Newman–Keuls test).

Figure 6. The effect of the presence of rosemary essential oil (0.1, 0.5, and 1%) presence in Na Diclofenac (1%) topical preparation on the late (15–50 min) phase anti-nociception in the formalin test; values are mean ± SD (n = 6 animals per group). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.001 (Student–Newman–Keuls test).