Co-administration of adjuvants along with Moringa oleifera attenuates beryllium-induced oxidative stress and histopathological alterations in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Combination effect of Moringa oleifera along with piperine and curcumin against beryllium induced oxidative stress.

Group	Reduced Glutathione (µmole/gm)		Lipid peroxidation (nmole TBARS/mg protein)		Superoxide dismutase (U/mg protein)		Catalase (U/mg protein)
	Liver	Kidney	Liver	Kidney	Liver	Kidney	Liver	Kidney
Control	7.4 ± 0.48	6.6 ± 0.41	0.28 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.02	72.0 ± 4.93	60.0 ± 3.64	60.0 ± 4.08	55.0 ± 3.48
Be per se	4.1 ± 0.31^C	4.9 ± 0.36^A	0.69 ± 0.04^C	0.90 ± 0.04^C	33.5 ± 2.63^C	38.0 ± 2.88^C	40.0 ± 2.88^B	35.0 ± 2.95^B
Be + MO	6.4 ± 0.37^c	5.2 ± 0.30	0.55 ± 0.03^a	0.76 ± 0.03^a	51.0 ± 2.62^c	44.5 ± 3.76	47.0 ± 2.43	41.0 ± 3.12
%Protection	69.6	17.6	34.1	31.1	45.4	29.5	35.0	30.0
Be + Pip	6.3 ±0.39^b	5.7 ± 0.35	0.6 ± 0.04	0.73 ± 0.05^a	49 ± 4.17^a	41.0 ± 2.88	45 ± 2.88	40 ± 2.88
%Protection	66.6	47.0	21.9	37.7	40.2	13.6	25.0	25.0
Be + Cur	6.4 ± 0.36^c	5.8 ± 0.47	0.58 ± 0.04	0.72 ± 0.05^a	50 ± 2.88^b	45.0 ± 2.88	48 ± 3.14	43 ± 2.88
%Protection	69.6	52.9	26.8	40.0	42.8	31.8	40.0	40.0
Be + MO + Pip	6.8 ± 0.48^c	6.2 ± 0.37^a	0.40 ± 0.02^c	0.65 ± 0.03^b	60.0 ± 3.15^c	51.0 ± 2.65^b	50.0 ± 2.88^a	49.0 ± 3.12^b
%Protection	81.8	76.4	70.7	55.5	68.8	59.0	50.0	70.0
Be + MO + Cur	7.0 ± 0.53^c	6.4 ± 0.36^a	0.39 ± 0.03^c	0.62 ± 0.03^c	62.0 ± 3.90^c	55.0 ± 2.88^b	54.0 ± 3.14^b	50.0 ± 4.08^a
%Protection	87.8	88.2	73.1	62.2	74.0	77.2	70.0	75.0
F values (at 5% level)	6.1@	2.6@	15.2@	10.9@	11.7@	6.3@	4.3@	4.5@

Abbreviations: ANOVA@, significant; Be, beryllium nitrate; MO, Moringa oleifera; Pip, piperine; Cur, curcumin. Values are mean ± SE. N=6, ^Ap < 0.05; ^Bp < 0.01; ^Cp < 0.001 versus the control group. ^ap < 0.05; ^bp < 0.01; ^cp < 0.001 versus the Be-administered group.

Table 2. Combination effect of Moringa oleifera along with piperine and curcumin against beryllium induced oxidative stress and disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism.

Group	Glutathione reductase (GR) (µmole/min/mg protein)		Glutathione-S- transferase (GST) (U/min/mg protein)		Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) (µmole/min/mg protein)		Glucose-6- phosphatase (µmolePi/min/g)	Blood Sugar (mg/dl)
	Liver	Kidney	Liver	Kidney	Liver	Kidney	Liver
Control	6.1 ± 0.33	6.4 ± 0.51	20.3 ± 1.23	15.0 ± 1.00	27.6 ± 2.33	20.0 ± 1.82	6.9 ± 0.52	110 ± 6.05
Be per se	4.0 ± 0.28^C	4.7 ± 0.36^A	14.2 ± 1.01^B	9.7 ± 0.65^B	41.2 ± 3.17^B	32.0 ± 3.19^B	4.7 ± 0.36^B	63.5 ± 3.55^C
Be + MO	5.2 ± 0.42^a	5.3 ± 0.35	17.6 ± 0.95^a	11.6 ± 0.58	38.0 ± 2.87	28.0 ± 2.62	5.3 ± 0.30	72.0 ± 3.99
%Protection	57.1	35.2	55.7	35.8	23.5	33.3	27.2	18.2
Be + Pip	5.0 ± 0.28^a	5.0 ± 0.28	17.2 ± 1.16	11.2 ± 0.64	36.0 ± 3.12	29.0 ± 2.78	5.0 ± 0.25	75 ± 4.65
%Protection	47.6	17.6	49.1	28.3	38.2	25.0	13.6	24.7
Be + Cur	5.1 ± 0.38^a	4.9 ± 0.26	17.4 ± 1.22	11.4 ± 0.87	37.0 ± 3.08	27.0 ± 2.65	5.2 ± 0.27	78 ± 4.20
%Protection	52.3	11.7	52.4	32.0	30.8	41.6	22.7	31.1
Be + MO + Pip	5.7 ± 0.41^b	5.6 ± 0.30	18.7 ± 1.43^a	12.4 ± 0.66^a	34.0 ± 2.01	25.0 ± 2.06	5.8 ± 0.29^a	80.0 ± 5.32^a
%Protection	80.9	52.9	73.7	50.9	52.9	58.3	50.0	35.4
Be + MO + Cur	5.8 ± 0.29^b	5.85 ± 0.41	18.9 ± 1.25^a	12.5 ± 0.70^a	33.0 ± 1.67^a	24.0 ± 2.20^a	5.9 ± 0.34^a	93.0 ± 5.56^b
%Protection	85.7	67.6	77.0	52.8	60.2	66.6	54.5	63.4
F values (at 5% level)	3.8@	2.6@	2.5@	4.7@	2.6@	2.3	3.7@	10.0@

Abbreviations: ANOVA@, significant; Be, beryllium nitrate; MO, Moringa oleifera; Pip, piperine; Cur, curcumin. Values are mean ± SE. N=6, ^Ap < 0.05; ^Bp < 0.01; ^Cp < 0.001 versus the control group. ^ap < 0.05; ^bp < 0.01; ^cp < 0.001 versus the Be-administered group.

Figure 1. Photomicrograph of liver after subchronic exposure to beryllium followed by combination therapy of moringa oleifera. (A) Control rats showing well-formed chord arrangement of hepatocytes and central vein (HE, 400×). (B and C) Beryllium-treated rats showing central camal with debris, loss of chord arrangement, nuclei of hepatocytes are irregular, and hyperchromatic (HE, 100×, 400×). (D) Therapy with MO 150 mg showing large vesicular nuclei and proliferation of camamiculi (HE, 400×). (E) Therapy with MO+Pip showing congested central camal (HE, 400×). (F) Therapy with MO+Cur showing histoarchitecture of liver (HE, 400×).

Figure 2. Photomicrograph of kidney after subchronic exposure to beryllium followed by combination therapy of moringa oleifera. (A) Control rats showing well-formed uriniferous tubules (HE, 400×). (B and C) Beryllium-treated rats showing obliteration of lumen of uriniferous tubules, exfoliation of nuclei, and contraction of glomerulus (HE, 400×). (D) Therapy with MO 150 mg showing uriniferous tubules with lumen and epithelial cell are vacuolated (HE, 400×). (E) Therapy with MO+Pip showing well-formed glomerulus and better lumen of uriniferous tubules (HE, 400×). (F) Therapy with MO+Cur showing well-formed glomeruli (HE, 400×).

Figure 3. Evaluation of DNA damage by comet assay.