Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats: Ameliorative roles of Spondias mombin and Ficus exasperata

Figures & data

Table 1. Ulcer scores and descriptive remark.

Score	Remark
0	Almost normal mucosa
1	Vascular congestions
2	One or two lesions
3	Severe lesions
4	Very severe lesions
5	Mucosa full of lesions

Table 2. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata. Values expressed per g of plant extract.

Aqueous extract	Total phenol (mg gallic acid g^−1)	Total flavonoids (mg quercetin g^−1)
S. mombin	85.50 ± 0.20	60.53 ± 0.10
F. exasperata	68.40 ± 0.15	42.63 ± 0.20

Values were expressed per gram of plant extract and are means of triplicate determination ± standard deviation.

Table 3. Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata on ulcer indices of indomethacin ulcerated rats (n = 7, X ± SEM).

Group	Treatments	Ulcer index	% Ulcer inhibition
2	IND (ulcerated control)	19.14 ± 0.30	–
3	IND + ESP (20 mg/kg b.w.)	3.53 ± 0.12^b	83.65
4	IND + F.E (100 mg/kg b.w.)	9.76 ± 0.20^a	49.01
5	IND + F.E (200 mg/kg b.w.)	6.63 ± 0.20^b	65.36
6	IND + S.M (100 mg/kg b.w.)	8.98 ± 0.40^a	53.08
7	IND + S.M (200 mg/kg b.w.)	5.42 ± 0.17^b	71.68

^aand ^bSignificantly different from the indomethacin-ulcerated control group (p < 0.05) and from each other (p < 0.05).

IND, indomethacin (30 mg/kg b.w.); ESP, esomeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.); F.E, Ficus exasperate; S.M, Spondias mombin.

Table 4. Effects of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata on gastric volume and pH of indomethacin ulcerated rats (n = 7, X ± SEM).

Group	Treatments	Gastric volume (mL)	pH
1	Distilled H20 (normal control)	1.96 ± 0.11	6.40 ± 0.18
2	IND (ulcerated control)	8.28 ± 0.13^a	2.30 ± 0.08^a
3	IND + ESP	2.12 ± 0.15	5.50 ± 0.31
4	IND + F.E (100 mg/kg b.w.)	6.55 ± 0.14^b	3.50 ± 0.10^b
5	IND + F.E (200 mg/kg b.w.)	5.26 ± 0.09^b	4.18 ± 0.21
6	IND + S.M (100 mg/kg b.w.)	5.99 ± 0.15^b	4.00 ± 0.12
7	IND + S.M (200 mg/kg b.w.)	4.42 ± 0.23	4.86 ± 0.15

^aSignificantly different from the normal control group (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the indomethacin-ulcerated control group (p < 0.05).

IND, indomethacin (30 mg/kg b.w.); ESP, esomeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.); F.E, Ficus exasperate; S.M, Spondias mombin.

Table 5. Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata on gastric pepsin activity and mucin content of indomethacin ulcerated rats (n = 7, X ± SEM).

Group	Treatments	Pepsin activity (μg/mL)	Mucin content (μg/mL)
1	Distilled water (normal control)	100.21 ± 0.03	396.23 ± 0.20
2	IND (ulcerated control)	295.03 ± 0.05^a	195.35 ± 0.30^a
3	IND + ESP	110.65 ± 0.01	382.43 ± 0.10
4	IND + F.E (100 mg/kg b.w.)	165.58 ± 0.04^b	295.53 ± 0.10^b
5	IND + F.E (200 mg/kg b.w.)	136.32 ± 0.20	263.12 ± 0.30^b
6	IND + S.M (100 mg/kg b.w.)	149.52 ± 0.04^b	300.97 ± 0.40^b
7	IND + S.M (200 mg/kg b.w.)	130.63 ± 0.04	345.39 ± 0.40

^aSignificantly different from the normal control group (p < 0.05).

^bSignificantly different from the indomethacin-ulcerated control group (p < 0.05).

IND, indomethacin (30 mg/kg b.w.); ESP, esomeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.); F.E, Ficus exasperate; S.M, Spondias mombin.

Figure 1. Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata on gastric Malondialdehyde (MDA) level of indomethacin ulcerated rats (n = 7, X ± SEM). ^aSignificantly different from the normal control group (p < 0.05). ^bSignificantly different from the indomethacin-ulcerated control group (p < 0.05). IND, indomethacin (30 mg/kg b.w.); ESP, esomeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.); F.E1, Ficus exasperata (100 mg/kg b.w.); F.E2, Ficus exasperata (200 mg/kg b.w.); S.M1, Spondias mombin (100 mg/kg b.w.); S.M2, Spondias mombin (200 mg/kg b.w.).

Figure 2. Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of S. mombin and F. exasperata on gastric superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of indomethacin ulcerated rats (n = 7, X ± SEM). ^aSignificantly different from the normal control group (p < 0.05). ^bSignificantly different from the indomethacin-ulcerated control group (p < 0.05). IND, indomethacin (30 mg/kg b.w.); ESP, esomeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.); F.E1, Ficus exasperata (100 mg/kg b.w.); F.E2, Ficus exasperata (200 mg/kg b.w.); S.M1, Spondias mombin (100 mg/kg b.w.); S.M2, Spondias mombin (200 mg/kg b.w.).