Echocardiographically measured epicardial fat predicts restenosis after coronary stenting

Figures & data

Figure 1. Comparison of the EAT thickness by clinical outcome. EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; TLR, target lesion revascularization.

Table I. Baseline characteristics by TLR.

Variables	TLR group (n = 100)	No TLR group (n = 307)	p value
Age (years)	59 ± 10	58 ± 11	0.509
Men, No.	62 (62%)	217 (71%)	0.105
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.7 ± 3.4	24.7 ± 3.1	0.893
Hypertension, No.	54 (54%)	143 (47%)	0.025
Diabetes mellitus, No.	34 (34%)	69 (23%)	0.011
Dyslipidemia, No.	16 (16%)	49 (16%)	0.675
Smoking, No.	18 (18%)	38 (12%)	0.098
Multivessel disease, No.	67 (67%)	146 (47%)	0.001
Coronary artery disease			< 0.001
1. vessel disease	33 (33%)	161 (52%)
2. vessel disease	37 (37%)	96 (31%)
3. vessel disease	30 (30%)	50 (16%)
Multiple Stenting, No.	68 (68%)	139 (45%)	< 0.001
EAT Thickness (mm)
Mean ± SD	3.8 ± 1.8	3.2 ± 1.9	0.002
Median	3.7	3.0	0.001
Medication, No.
Aspirin	100 (100%)	307 (100%)	–
Clopidogrel	100 (100%)	307 (100%)	–
Beta blockers	48 (48%)	141 (46%)	0.759
CCB	50 (50%)	125 (41%)	0.115
ACE inhibitors	37 (37%)	106 (35%)	0.684
ARB	32 (32%)	121 (39%)	0.162
Statins	92 (92%)	273 (89%)	0.470
Nitrates	74 (74%)	219 (71%)	0.671
Diuretics	10 (10%)	28 (9%)	0.808

TLR, target lesion revascularization; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body–mass index; CCB, calcium channel blocker; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.

Table II. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the clinical predictors for restenosis.

Risk factors	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p
Hypertension	1.31 (0.77–2.23)	0.320
Diabetes mellitus	1.42 (0.80–2.52)	0.235
Smoking	2.19 (1.09–4.40)	0.028
Gender	0.97 (0.54–1.77)	0.928
Multivessel disease	1.56 (1.11–2.19)	0.011
Multiple stenting	2.08 (1.20–3.58)	0.009
EAT thickness	1.19 (1.01–1.33)	0.007

EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; CI, confidence interval.

Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier survival curve of TLR in the thin EAT group and the thick EAT group. EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; TLR, target lesion revascularization.