Lower vitamin D level is associated with poor coronary collateral circulation

Figures & data

Table I. Clinical and demographic properties of the patients with poor coronary collateral circulation (CCC) and the controls.

	Poor CCC (n = 144)	Control (n = 70)	P
Age, years	63.6 ± 11.4	62.7 ± 11.3	0.59
Male gender, n (%)	97 (67)	58 (82)	0.02
Hypertension, n (%)	101 (70)	46 (65)	0.51
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	60 (41)	31 (44)	0.71
Hyperlipidemi, n (%)	73 (50)	31 (44)	0.38
Current smoker, n(%)	52 (36)	31 (44)	0.25
Left ventricular EF, %	49 ± 10	48 ± 11	0.60
Prior myocardial infarction, n (%)	55 (38)	25 (35)	0.76
Angina pectoris, n (%)	125 (86)	61 (87)	0.94
Angina pectoris with CCS class > 1, n (%)	20 (13)	13 (18)	0.37
Angiographic findings
Number of vessels > 70% stenosis, n (%)	1.75 ± 0.79	1.81 ± 0.75	0.82
Occluded artery present, n (%)	69 (48)	37 (52)	0.49
Gensini scores	74 [64.5]	89 [68.5]	0.14
Rentrop 0 CCC, (%)	73 (50)	–	–
Distribution of arteries with > 95% stenosis
LAD, n (%)	51 (35)	25 (35)	0.96
Cx, n (%)	47 (32)	21 (30)	0.69
RCA, n (%)	53 (36)	26 (37)	0.94
Medications
Acetylsalicylic acid, n (%)	120 (83)	61 (87)	0.47
Beta blocker, n (%)	78 (54)	39 (55)	0.66
Calcium channel blocker, n (%)	16 (11)	5 (7)	0.36
Nitrates, n (%)	47 (32)	23 (32)	0.97
Statins,n (%)	59 (41)	28 (40)	0.89

CCC, coronary collateral circulation; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; EF, ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.

Table II. Comparison of vitamin D levels and other laboratory parameters in the study groups.

	Poor CCC (n = 144)	Control (n = 70)	P
Hemoglobin, g/L	128 ± 19	132 ± 18	0.13
Platelet, 10^9/L	266 ± 69	251 ± 63	0.36
Creatinine, μmol/L	93.7 ± 24.7	93.7 ± 24.7	0.98
Urea, mmol/L	15.6 ± 5.4	17.7 ± 5.8	0.06
Fasting glucose, mmol/L	6.6 [4.0]	6.3 [2.9]	0.49
Aspartate transaminase, U/L	25 [18]	23 [33]	0.95
Alanine transaminase, U/L	21 [15]	26 [22]	0.55
Vitamin D, pmol/L	34.1 ± 24.7	48.6 ± 32.7	0.01
Vitamin D < 37 pmol/L, n(%)	97 (67.4)	30 (42.9)	0.01
PTH, ng/L	62.8 [63.3]	51.3 [42.9]	0.53
Calcium, mmol/L	2.2 ± 0.40	2.3 ± 0.35	0.18
Phosphate, mmol/L	1.13[0.25]	1.13 [0.32]	0.73
Albumin, g/L	41.3 ± 4.6	41.5 ± 5.3	0.80
Total protein, g/L	71.6 ± 7.1	70.7 ± 9.7	0.62
Total cholesterol, mmol/L	4.81 ± 1.21	5.02 ± 1.24	0.44
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L	2.79[1.28]	3.15 [1.68]	0.48
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L	1.05 ± 0.30	1.16 ± 0.27	0.02
Triglycerides, mmol/L	1.63 [1.0]	1.38 [1.0]	0.95

CCC, coronary collateral circulation; PTH, parathyroid hormone

Parametric variables without normal distribution were reported as median [interquantile range].

Table III. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of possible predictors of impaired coronary collateral circulation in the study population.

Variables	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted OR (95% CI)*	P
Age, 1-SD increase	1.01 (0.98–1.03)	0.59	–	–
Female gender	2.29 (1.12–4.68)	0.02	2.65 (1.13–6.25)	0.04
Hypertension	1.34 (0.72–2.48)	0.35	–	–
Hyperlipidemia	1.85 (0.87–3.95)	0.12	–	–
Smoking	0.75 (0.42–1.35)	0.34	–	–
Diabetes mellitus	0.88 (0.51–1.56)	0.65	–	–
Fasting glucose, 1-SD increase	1.01 (0.99–1.11)	0.16	–	–
Creatinine, 1-SD increase	1.01 (0.36–2.83)	0.98	–	–
Total cholesterol, 1-SD increase	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.44	–	–
LDL cholesterol, 1-SD increase	0.99 (0.98–1.01)	0.41
HDL cholesterol, 1-SD decrease	1.03 (1.01–1.06)	0.02	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	0.01
Triglycerides, 1-SD increase	1.0 (0.99–1.01)	0.85	–	–
Hemoglobin, 1-SD decrease	1.13 (0.97–1.31)	0.13	–	–
Albumin, 1-SD decrease	1.09 (0.59–2.02)	0.79	–	–
Vitamin D, 1-SD decrease	1.05 (1.02–1.08)	0.01	1.04 (1.01–1.07)	0.01

*Adjusted for gender, HDL cholesterol and vitamin D levels.