Epicardial adipose tissue is related to coronary collateral vessel formation in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Figures & data

Figure 1. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves for epicardial adipose tissue thickness value in prediction of coronary collateral vessel development.

Table I. Baseline characteristics of study groups.

	Low-grade CCV group (n = 160)	High-grade CCV group (n = 70)	P value
Age (years)	57.2 ± 7.7	57.8 ± 8.1	0.613
Male (%)	115 (72)	56 (80)	0.194
Hypertension (%)	74 (46)	31 (44)	0.783
DM (%)	83 (52)	36 (51)	0.950
Smoking (%)	90 (56)	43 (61)	0.464
Dyslipidemia (%)	53 (33)	23 (33)	0.765
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	129 ± 11	126 ± 14	0.143
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80 ± 7	79 ± 7	0.122
Heart rate (bpm)	74 ± 9	75 ± 12	0.395
EAT thickness (mm)	5.3 ± 1.3	6.0 ± 1.4	0.001
EF (%)	45.2 ± 5.6	47.7 ± 6.5	0.003
Presence of angina	54 (34)	37 (53)	0.006
Diagnosis with STEMI (%)	77 (88)	11 (13)	< 0.001
Diagnosis with NSTEMI (%)	68 (62)	42 (38)	0.016
Diagnosis with UA (%)	15 (47)	17 (53)	0.725
Prehospital medications
Beta-blocker (%)	10 (6)	4 (6)	0.148
Statin (%)	15 (9)	9 (13)	0.053
ACEI (%)*	18 (11)	8 (11)	0.880
ARB (%)**	12 (8)	5 (7)	0.466
Aspirin (%)	35 (22)	16 (23)	0.156

*Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.

**Angiotensin receptor blocker.

Table II. Baseline laboratory findings of patients.

	Low-grade collateral group (n = 160)	High-grade collateral group (n = 70)	P value
Hemoglobin (g/l)	135 ± 18.5	134 ± 17.5	0.310
White blood cell count (× 10^9/l)	11.6 ± 2.8	11.8 ± 3.5	0.192
Platelet count (× 10^9/l)	235 ± 72	236 ± 68	0.390
Mean platelet volume (fl)	8.6 ± 1.2	8.6 ± 1.1	0.090
Neutrophil count (× 10^9/l)	7.9 ± 2.9	7.9 ± 3.0	0.096
Lymphocyte count (× 10^9/l)	2.4 ± 1.1	2.3 ± 1.1	0.132
Total cholesterol (mmol/l)	4.7 ± 1.2	4.9 ± 1.1	0.310
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	3.1 ± 0.8	3.2 ± 0.8	0.392
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.635
Triglycerides (mmol/l)	1.8 ± 0.8	1.8 ± 0.8	0.444
Glucose (mmol/l)	6.4 ± 3.3	6.8 ± 2.6	0.134
Creatinine (μmol/l)	105.2 ± 19.4	99.1 ± 21.2	0.540
Peak CK-MB (μg/l)	90.2 ± 35.3	45.4 ± 22.4	0.005
Peak Troponin T (μg/l)	15.8 ± 12.3	10.2 ± 9.1	0.008

Table III. TIMI flow grades of patients.

	TIMI flow grade				P value
	TIMI 0	TIMI 1	TIMI 2	TIMI 3
Low-grade CCV (n)	106	36	16	2	0.004
High-grade CCV (n)	48	13	9	–	0.023

Figure 2. Comparison of the epicardial adipose tissue thickness between low grade and high grade coronary collateral vessels.

Table IV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of variables related to CCV development.

	OR	95% CI	P value
EAT thickness	1.41	1.15–1.78	0.001
EF	1.10	1.04–1.16	0.011
Preinfarction angina	0.60	0.38–0.97	0.041
Diagnosis with STEMI	0.75	0.60–0.92	0.044
Diagnosis with NSTEMI	0.91	0.81–1.10	0.087
TIMI 0 flow grade	1.05	0.99–1.10	0.841
Troponin T	0.97	0.98–1.02	0.251