Figures & data
Figure 1. Causes of maternal mortality.
Figure 2. Linkages between maternal and newborn health.
Table 1. Skilled attendance at birth correlated with neonatal mortality.
Box 1. Maternal and child undernutrition.
Figure 3. The RMNCH continuum of care.
Table 2. Landscape of interventions evaluated in our review (total number of interventions = 102).
Box 2. Criteria for determining quality of evidence for each intervention.
Box 3. Interconnections groups.
Figure 4. Pathway for selection of interventions for meta-analysis.
Figure 5. Flow diagram of literature search/synthesis of study identification.
Figure 6. Summary of Group A (n = 19) interventions along the continuum of care.
Table 3. Individual interventions with composite maternal/fetal/neonatal impact estimates and their assigned GRADE.
Figure 7. Pre-pregnancy underweight – preeclampsia and preterm birth.
Figure 8. Pre-pregnancy overweight – preeclampsia and preterm birth.
Figure 9. Pre-pregnancy overweight – gestatational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia.
Figure 10. Long IPI – eclampsia and fetal death.
Figure 11. Short IPI – eclampsia and fetal death.
Figure 12. Preconception care versus non-preconception care – HbA1C>7.8% in first trimester and perinatal mortality.
Table 4. Antenatal Period: Individual interventions with Composite maternal/fetal/neonatal impact estimates and their assigned GRADE.
Figure 13. Iron supplementation versus none/placebo – anemia at term (Hb<110 g/l) and low birth weight.
Figure 14. Community-based intervention packages versus control – maternal and neonatal mortality.
Figure 15. Access to community support and advocacy groups in intervention package versus no package outcome: composite maternal and neonatal mortality.
Figure 16. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy: (metronidazole versus no treatment) – failure to achieve microbiological/parasitological cure and preterm birth.
Figure 17. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy – failure of microbiological cure and perinatal mortality.
Figure 18. Antimalarial drug prevention versus none (women in 1st or 2nd pregnancy) outcome: severe maternal anemia and low birth weight.
Figure 19. ITNs versus no nets – maternal anemia and LBW.
Figure 20. Fasting glucose <95 mg/dl versus fasting plasma glucose ≥95 mg/dl – GDM and LGA/macrosomia.
Figure 21. Fasting glucose <100 mg/dl versus fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dl in first trimester – GDM and LGA/macrosomia.
Figure 22. Calcium supplementation in low calcium diet versus placebo – preeclampsia and preterm birth.
Figure 23. Antiplatelet agents versus none in high risk pregnancy – maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality.
Figure 24. Anti-hypertensive use in mild to moderate hypertension versus placebo – severe hypertension and preterm birth.
Figure 25. Anti-hypertensive use in mild to moderate hypertension versus placebo – severe hypertension and perinatal mortality.
Figure 26. Magnesium sulfate versus none/placebo – eclampsia and stillbirth.
Figure 27. Influenza vaccination versus none – maternal febrile respiratory illness and infant febrile respiratory illness.
Table 5. Intrapartum Period: Individual interventions with Composite maternal/fetal/neonatal impact estimates and their assigned GRADE.
Figure 28. Any antibiotic versus none – chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection including pneumonia.
Figure 29. Trained TBAs versus control – maternal and neonatal mortality.
Figure 30. Trained TBAs versus control – maternal and perinatal mortality.
Figure 31. Clean delivery kits versus none – neonatal and maternal morbidity.
Figure 32. Induction of labor at or beyond term versus expectant management at 41 completed weeks and more – c-section and perinatal mortality.
Figure 33. Vacuum extraction versus forceps delivery – severe maternal injury and perinatal mortality.
Table 6. Postnatal/Postpartum Period: Individual interventions with Composite maternal/fetal/neonatal impact estimates and their assigned GRADE.
Figure 34. Illustrative framework for intervention packages.
