Decision-making and outcomes of hearing help-seekers: A self-determination theory perspective

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary data showing participant characteristics as means and standard deviations (or counts and percentages) for the total sample, and classified as hearing aid adopters and non-adopters, along with statistical test results comparing adopters and non-adopters.

	Sample (N = 216)	Adopters (N = 125)	Non-adopters (N = 91)	n	t/χ^2 value	p value (adoption vs. non-adoption)*
Participant characteristic
Autonomous motivation (TSRQ)	5.55 (1.50)	5.93 (1.23)	5.00 (1.68)	210	−4.65^1	<0.001 (0.02)
Controlled motivation (TSRQ)	2.75 (1.66)	2.89 (1.76)	2.52 (1.46)	198	−1.53^1	0.13
Autonomy support (HCCQ)	6.01 (1.04)	6.09 (1.00)	5.89 (1.09)	150	−1.12^1	0.26
Age in years	69.62 (10.47)	69.58 (10.59)	69.69 (10.36)	210	0.08^1	0.94
4FAHL better ear	31.16 (12.68)	35.03 (10.97)	25.37 (12.92)	182	−5.42^1	<0.001 (<0.001)
Desire for hearing aids (WANT)	2.80 (1.22)	3.1 (1.21)	2.37 (1.11)	196	−4.26^1	<0.001 (0.83)
Perceived difficulty (WANT)	2.79 (0.96)	3.11 (0.90)	2.36 (0.86)	206	−6.04^1	<0.001 (0.01)
Gender				216	3.81^2	0.051
Female	109 (50.5)	56 (44.8)	53 (58.24)
Male	107 (49.5)	69 (55.2)	38 (41.76)
Source of referral				211	1.46^2	0.69
Self	130 (61.61)	74 (61.67)	56 (61.54)
Spouse or family member	46 (21.8)	28 (23.33)	18 (19.78)
General practitioner	18 (8.53)	8 (6.67)	10 (10.99)
Other	17 (8.06)	10 (8.33)	7 (7.69)

¹t values shown (continuous variables).

²chi-squared values shown (categorical variables).

* Univariate p values shown, and, where applicable, multivariate p values shown in parentheses. The n values for independent variables vary due to missing data.

Figure 1. Overview of study procedure including retention of participants.

Table 2. Descriptive data of perceived competence scale (PCS) and international outcomes inventory for hearing aids (IOI-HA) scores for hearing aid adopters.

	Mean	St Dev	Range
Participant characteristic
Perceived competence (n = 87)	5.96	1.36	1–7
Hearing aid use (n = 84)	3.65	1.19	1–5
Hearing aid benefit (n = 82)	3.84	1.00	1–5
Residual activity limitation (n = 81)	3.95	0.89	1–5
Hearing aid satisfaction (n = 82)	4.07	1.05	1–5
Residual participation restriction (n = 80)	4.1	0.91	1–5
Impact on others (n = 80)	4.34	0.90	1–5
Quality of life (n = 83)	3.81	0.96	1–5

Table 3. Matrix for pairwise correlation coefficients (r) showing linear relationships among independent variables for hearing aid adopters (N = 125).

Independent variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Autonomous motivation	–
2. Controlled motivation	.34***	–
3. Autonomy support	.27*	.20	–
4. Gender	.00	.17	−.05	–
5. Referral source	−.09	.14	−.19	−.01	–
6. 4FAHL better ear	.08	.20*	−.06	.18	.17	–
7. Age	−.22*	.00	−.08	−.11	.05	.32***	–
8. Desire for hearing aids	.45***	.29**	.19	.07	−.04	.18	−.20*	–
9. Perceived difficulty	.46***	.25**	.22*	.09	−.02	.18	−.37***	.55***

*p <0.05.

**p <0.01.

***p <0.001.

Table 4. Regression models of factors associated with each outcome of interest.

	Perceived competence (PCS)^○			Use (IOI-HA)			Benefit (IOI-HA)
	R^2 = 0.3712			R^2 = 0.3194 [Adj R^2 = 0.2898]			R^2 = 0.4288 [Adj R^2 = 0.3849)
	F (6, 69) = 5.89, p <0.001			F (3, 69) = 10.79, p <0.001			F (5, 65) = 9.76, p <0.001
	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value	β	SE	p-value
Autonomous motivation (TSRQ)	−0.026	0.163	0.880	N/A			0.120	0.094	0.323
Controlled motivation (TSRQ)	0.006	0.062	0.941	N/A			N/A
Autonomy support (HCCQ)	0.584	0.152	<0.001*	N/A			0.183	0.113	0.074
Gender	N/A			N/A			N/A
Age	−0.130	0.012	0.166	−0.251	0.012	0.020*	−0.278	0.010	0.007*
Desire for hearing aids (WANT)	0.044	0.131	0.743	0.027	0.107	0.823	0.044	0.093	0.708
Perceived difficulty (WANT)	0.001	0.162	0.993	0.415	0.155	0.001*	0.325	0.136	0.009*
	Activity limitation (IOI-HA)^○			Satisfaction (IOI-HA)^○			Quality of life (IOI-HA)
	R^2 = 0.0987			R^2 = 0.4981			R^2 = 0.2953 [Adj R^2 = 0.2322]
	F (3, 73) = 4.11, p = 0.01			F (5, 64) = 13.71, p <0.001			F (6, 67) = 4.68, p < 0.001
	β	SE	p-Value	β	SE	p-Value	β	SE	p-Value
Autonomous motivation (TSRQ)	N/A			0.317	0.138	0.025*	0.175	0.103	0.093
Controlled motivation (TSRQ)	N/A			N/A			−0.018	0.064	0.778
Autonomy Support (HCCQ)	0.224	0.078	0.006*	0.478	0.116	<0.001*	0.203	0.125	0.109
Gender	0.203	0.171	0.238	N/A			N/A
Age	−0.004	0.009	0.616	−0.016	0.009	0.083	−0.021	0.011	0.052
Desire for hearing aids (WANT)	N/A			0.039	0.096	0.688	0.062	0.101	0.543
Perceived difficulty (WANT)	N/A			0.184	0.149	0.221	0.135	0.146	0.358

○= Robust estimates.

* p significant at the 0.05 level. N/A = not significant at univariate level. N.B. Referral source and 4FAHL variables not shown as not associated with any outcome. Participation restriction and impact on others models not shown as these produced no significant associations with simple regression.