The D/I Polymorphism in the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Flow diagram of included/excluded studies.

Table 1.  Characteristics of 10 case-control studies included in meta-analysis

											Case			Control
Author	Year	Country	Race	Age(Years)	Sex(M/F,Case,Control)	COPD definition	Control definition	Cases	Controls	Genotype method	II	ID	DD	II	ID	DD
Ahsan, A(14)	2004	India	Asian	-	27/0, 66/0	ATS COPD criteria	Normal controls	27	66	PCR	10	12	5	23	33	10
Gu, H T(15)	2003	China	Asian	60.8/60.3	75/47, 81/78	Chinese COPD criteria	Healthy persons	122	159	PCR	28	37	57	49	85	25
Hopkinson, N S(16)	2004	United Kingdom	Caucasian	64.1±9.1/61.8±8.6	74/29, 46/55	GOLD criteria	Healthy persons	103	101	PCR	29	49	25	28	49	24
Jiang, C C(17)	2002	China	Asian	62.3/49.7	13/17, 19/11	Chinese COPD criteria	Healthy persons	30	30	PCR	7	12	11	15	10	5
Pabst, S(18)	2009	German	Caucasian	62.8±11.1/63.9±18.4	104/48, 62/96	ATS/ERS COPD criteria	Healthy persons	152	158	PCR	43	76	33	39	69	50
Tkacova, R(19)	2005	Slovakia	Caucasian	65.4±2.5/63.5±1.2	49/17, 80/38	GOLD criteria	Healthy persons	66	118	PCR	15	31	20	19	68	31
van Suylen, R J(13)	1999	The Netherlands	Caucasian	65/50	62/25, 42/53	ATS COPD criteria	Healthy persons	87	95	PCR	17	43	27	17	50	28
Wang, H W(20)	2000	China	Asian	68.8±2.1/52.1±4.2	8/6, 21/17	-	Healthy persons	20	38	PCR	5	7	8	13	18	7
Yildiz, P(21)	2003	Turkey	Caucasian	62±7/60±8	41/1, 40/0	ATS COPD criteria	Healthy persons	42	40	PCR	7	21	14	10	18	12
Zhang, X L(22)	2008	China	Asian	63.0±8.2/61.6±7.3	51/10,44/13	ATS COPD criteria	Healthy, age-matched volunteers	61	57	PCR	21	27	13	20	28	9

ATS: American Thoracic Society; ERS, European Respiratory Society; GLOD, the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease;M/F, male/female.

Figure 2.  Meta-analysis with a random-effects model for the association between COPD risk and the ACE D/I polymorphism (DD vs. DI+II).

Figure 3.  Meta-analysis with a random-effects model for the association between COPD risk and the ACE D/I polymorphism (DD vs. DI+II): subgroup analysis by race.

Table 2.  Summary of different comparative results

D/I	N	Cases/Controls	DD vs. DI+II		DD+DI vs. II		DI vs. II		DD vs. II		D vs. I
			OR(95%CI)	P	OR(95%CI)	P	OR(95%CI)	P	OR(95%CI)	P	OR(95%CI)	P
Total	10	710/862	1.47(0.92, 2.35)	0.11	1.08(0.86, 1.36)	0.52	0.93(0.73,1.19)	0.57	1.42(0.88, 2.32)	0.15	1.22(0.94, 1.60)	0.14
Asian	5	260/350	2.60(1.47, 4.57)	0.0009	1.40(0.98, 2.00)	0.06	0.94(0.64, 1.39)	0.76	2.62(1.51, 4.55)	0.0007	1.66(1.15, 2.39)	0.007
Caucasian	5	450/512	0.91(0.69, 1.22)	0.54	0.89(0.66, 1.20)	0.46	0.92(0.67, 1.27)	0.62	0.84(0.59, 1.21)	0.35	0.92(0.77, 1.11)	0.4

N, number of case-control studies; OR, odds ratio; P, p-value of the z-test; the boldfaces indicate the significant of results.

Figure 4.  Begg's funnel plot for publication bias in selection of studies on the ACE D/I polymorphism (DD vs. DI+II).

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