Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Not An Independent Risk Factor For Obstructive Lung Disease

Figures & data

Table 1.  Baseline demographics of study cohort

	Overall	OLD+	OLD−	p-value*
Number	1068	174	894
Age	48.1 (8.0)	49.4 (8.8)	47.8 (7.8)	0.016
Female, n (%)	366 (34)	57 (33)	309 (35)	0.66
Black Race, n (%)	942 (88)	148 (85)	794 (89)	0.16
Current smoker, n (%)	918 (86)	153 (88)	765 (86)	0.41
Pack-years, median (IQR)	20 (12–33)	21 (12–36)	20 (12–33)	0.26
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	26.0 (5.1)	24.5 (4.9)	26.3 (5.1)	<0.01^±
FEV1/FVC	0.76 (0.08)	0.63 (0.07)	0.79 (0.05)	<0.01
FEV1
Liters	2.82 (0.78)	2.30 (0.82)	2.93 (0.74)	<0.01
% Predicted	92.1 (17)	73.1 (18)	95.9 (15)	<0.01
Current IDU, n (%)	438 (41)	72 (41)	366 (41)	0.91
HIV infected, n (%)	319 (30)	53 (30)	266 (30)	0.85
Viral load (copies x 10^3/ml) ^†,‡	64.8 (118)	98.0 (169)	57.6 (103)	0.76^±
CD4 cell count^†	358 (249)	363 (255)	329 (216)	0.41^±
Viral load undetected, (n%)^†	148 (46)	23 (43)	125 (47)	0.63
Hepatitis C Ab positive, n (%)	890 (83)	145 (83)	745 (83)	1.00
Viral load (copies x 10^6/ml)^†	3.4 (7.0)	4.4 (11)	3.3 (5.8)	0.39^±
Fibroscan score, median (IQR)	6.5 (5.3–8.8)	6.4 (5.2–8.8)	6.5 (5.3–8.8)	0.65^±
Fibroscan score, n (%)
<8	741 (69)	119 (68)	622 (70)
8–12	191 (18)	29 (17)	162 (18)
>12	136 (13)	26 (15)	110 (12)	0.61

*p-value comparing OLD positive to OLD negative participants. All values mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated. ^†Among HIV positive individuals. ^‡Among those with detectable viral load. ^±p-value for t-test with log transformed values. OLD = Obstructive lung disease. HIV = Human ­Immunodeficiency Virus. IDU = Injection drug user. FEV₁ = Forced expiratory volume in 1 second. FVC = Forced vital capacity.

Table 2.  Adjusted association between HCV serostatus and obstructive lung disease

Characteristic	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)*	p-value
Age (per 10 years)	1.47 (1.15–1.89)	<0.01
Black race	0.48 (0.28–0.82)	<0.01
Female sex	1.13 (0.79–1.63)	0.49
BMI (per kg/m^2)	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	<0.01
HIV infected	1.06 (0.73–1.54)	0.77
Current injection drug use	0.91 (0.64–1.30)	0.61
Current smoking	1.00 (0.90–1.11)	0.97
HCV Ab positive	0.82 (0.51–1.31)	0.42

*Adjusted for other variables in the table. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; BMI = Body mass index; HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus; HCV = Hepatitis C virus.

Table 3.  Adjusted association between HCV viral load and obstructive lung disease

Characteristic	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)*	p-value
Age (per 10 years)	1.51 (1.17–1.94)	<0.01
Black race	0.49 (0.29–0.84)	0.01
Female sex	1.10 (0.77–1.56)	0.60
BMI (per kg/m^2)	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	<0.01
HIV infected	1.08 (0.74–1.59)	0.66
Current injection drug use	0.92 (0.64–1.30)	0.62
Current smoking	1.00 (0.91–1.11)	0.96
HCV status, viral load category^#
Negative	Reference
Positive, Quartile 1	1.02 (0.59–1.77)
Positive, Quartile 2	0.79 (0.45–1.39)
Positive, Quartile 3	0.69 (0.39–1.23)
Positive, Quartile 4	0.75 (0.42–1.36)	0.14

*Adjusted for other variables in the table. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; BMI = Body mass index; HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus; HCV = Hepatitis C virus.

^#- Quartile 1 is the lowest viral load quartile and quartile 4 is the highest viral load quartile.

Figure 1.  Odds ratios of markers of HCV infection and the presence of OLD. Width of line represents 95% CI.

Table 4.  Adjusted association between Fibroscan score and obstructive lung disease

Characteristic	Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)*	p-value
Age (per 10 years)	1.43 (1.11–1.82)	<0.01
Black race	0.50 (0.29–0.84)	0.01
Female sex	1.14 (0.79–1.64)	0.47
BMI (per kg/m^2)	0.92 (0.89–0.96)	<0.01
HIV infected	1.03 (0.71–1.50)	0.88
Current injection drug use	0.90 (0.64–1.28)	0.57
Current smoking	1.00 (0.91–1.11)	0.90
Fibroscan severity
Mild	Reference
Moderate	0.92 (0.58–1.46)
Severe	1.24 (0.75–2.04)	0.52

*Adjusted for other variables in the table. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; BMI = Body mass index; HIV = Human immunodeficiency virus; HCV = Hepatitis C virus.