Tunisian radish (Raphanus sativus) extract prevents cadmium-induced immunotoxic and biochemical alterations in rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Body weight gain and relative weights of organs of rats exposed daily to CdCl₂, TRE, or a TRE + Cd co-treatment for 2 weeks.

	Control	Cd	TRE-5	TRE-5 + Cd	TRE-10 + Cd	TRE-15 + Cd
Body weight gain	9.5 ± 1.5	0.7 ± 1.1*	8.9 ± 2.0	9.8 ± 1.9	9.5 ± 2.1	9.2 ± 2.8
Relative spleen weight	13.1 ± 4.0	17.9 ± 2.1*	12.9 ± 1.2	13.2 ± 1.7	12.9 ± 1.1	12.7 ± 1.5
Relative thymus weight	4.9 ± 0.5	3.1 ± 0.9*	5.1 ± 0.0	5.4 ± 0.9	5.2 ± 1.0	5.3 ± 0.5
Relative kidney weight	13.7 ± 0.4	19.1 ± 0.5*	13.1 ± 0.5	13.4 ± 0.8	13.2 ± 0.6	13.3 ± 0.5
Relative liver weight	19.1 ± 0.9	10.1 ± 0.9*	20.4 ± 0.9	20.2 ± 0.9	21.3 ± 0.4	20.1 ± 0.5

Values shown are mean % (±SD) (n = 10/group) from three determinations per scenario tested.

Cd administered at 2.5 mg CdCl₂/kg BW; TRE-5, -10, and -15 = TRE at 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg BW, respectively.

*In a given row, value significantly different from control and all others at p ≤ 0.05.

Figure 1. Hepatic, thymic, and splenic Cd contents in rats treated with CdCl₂ alone or plus TRE with different doses for 14 days. Values shown are mean (±SEM). *Value significantly different (p < 0.05) compared to control and all co-treatment rats in corresponding tissue.

Table 2. Effects of daily treatment with TRE alone or in combination with CdCl₂ for 2 weeks on serum biochemical parameters.

Parameter	Control	Cd	TRE-5	TRE-5 + Cd	TRE-10 + Cd	TRE-15 + Cd
Total protein (g/dl)	9.5 ± 0.0	5.12 ± 0.0*	9.1 ± 4.0	8.8 ± 0.9	9.5 ± 2.1	8.4 ± 2.8
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	63.1 ± 4.0	32.9 ± 2.1*	62.1 ± 4.2	59.2 ± 5.7	58.9 ± 5.1	57.7 ± 4.5
CK (U/L)	75.1 ± 4.5	94.1 ± 1.9*	71.3 ± 5.0	72.4 ± 4.9	71.2 ± 4.0	71.3 ± 3.5
Urea (mmol/L)	5.5 ± 0.5	9.1 ± 0.9*	5.3 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.8	5.2 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.4
CRE (mg/dl)	7.2 ± 0.9	2.3 ± 0.3*	6.6 ± 0.7	7.3 ± 0.9	6.9 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 1.0
ALT (U/L)	39.5 ± 2.1	103.3 ± 7.1*	37.9 ± 2.0	36.3 ± 2.2	34.7 ± 3.0	40.5 ± 2.5
AST (U/L)	49.4 ± 2.7	179.5 ± 7.3*	48.9 ± 3.1	50.4 ± 2.3	51.5 ± 2.2	56.5 ± 3.6
LDH (U/L)	51.2 ± 4.7	82.5 ± 7.2*	52.9 ± 2.1	53.2 ± 3.3	51.3 ± 4.1	56.5 ± 4.4

*Within a given row, value significantly different from control and all others at p < 0.05.

Cd administered at 2.5 mg CdCl₂/kg BW; TRE-5, -10, and -15 = TRE at 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg BW, respectively.

Values shown are mean (±SEM) (n = 10/group).

Figure 2. Effect of TRE and Cd alone or in combination on percentages of T-lymphocytes in blood of rats treated with CdCl₂ alone or plus TRE with different doses for 14 days. (a) CD8⁺, CD56⁺. (b) CD3⁺, CD4⁺. Values shown are mean (±SEM). *Value significantly different (p < 0.01) compared to control and all co-treatment rats.

Figure 3. Effect of different treatments on immunoglobulin induction profile in rats treated with CdCl₂ alone or plus TRE with different doses for 14 days. Values shown are mean (±SEM). *Value significantly different (p < 0.01) compared to control and all co-treatment rats.

Figure 4. Effect of TRE and Cd (alone or in combination) on plasma TNFα and IL-1 levels in rats treated with CdCl₂ alone or plus TRE with different doses for 14 days. Values shown are mean (±SEM). *Value significantly different (p < 0.01) compared to control and all co-treatment rats.