The status of early identification and early intervention in autism spectrum disorders in lower- and middle-income countries

Figures & data

Table I. Age of parental concern and age of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder by lower- and middle-income country.

Country (reference)	Publication year	Study years	No. of cases	Recruitment	Cases included	Diagnostic tests	Mean age at concern (months)	Mean age at diagnosis (months)
Colombia (Talero-Gutiérrez et al., 2011)	2011	2003–2009	138	Developmental clinic	All PDD	DSM-IV, CARS	20.6	45.5
India (Chakrabarti, 2009)	2009	NS	141	Special schools/clinics	ASD	DSM-IV	23.4 ± 11.3	55.2 ± 25.6
India (Daley, 2004)	2004	NS	95/81+	Special schools	ASD	Professional***	25.7 ± 12.8	57
India (Jain et al., 2013)	2013	NS	47	Developmental clinic	ASD	Professional***	24**	42**
Jamaica (Samms-Vaughan & Franklyn-Banton, 2008)	2008	1999–2004	117	Developmental clinic	AD	DSM-IV, CARS	21.3 ± 10.9	47.2 ± 26.7
Jordan (Masri et al., 2013)	2013	2001–2009	84	Developmental clinic	AD	DSM-IV-TR	15*	45.6
Mexico (Brava Oro et al., 2012)	2012	1968–2009	393	Developmental clinic	All PDD	DSM-III, DSM-IV, CARS, ICCAN	—	52.8

ASD, Autism Spectrum Disorder; AD, Autistic Disorder; PDD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder; PDD-NOS, Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified; NS, Not Stated; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; CARS, Childhood Autism Rating Scale; ICCAN, CENNA Inventory of characteristics of autistic children.

*Sub-group with regression only.

**Median.

***Diagnoses made by trained professionals using variety of tools.

⁺Only sample of 81 children diagnosed in India included in aspects of research on diagnosis.

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