Deep barcode divergence in Brazilian freshwater fishes: the case of the São Francisco River basin

Figures & data

Figure 1.  Summary of the genetic variability (K2P distances) distribution at COI sequences for 433 individuals and 101 species. (a) Mean intra-specific distribution of genetic distances. (b) Distribution of the genetic distances to the NN. (c) Pairwise percentage distance to NN versus mean intra-specific distance.

Table I.  Summary of genetic divergences (K2P) within species, genus, order, and class.

	Comparisons	Minimum distance (%)	Mean distance (%)	Maximum distance (%)	SE distance (%)
Within species	1035 (311)	0 (0)	0.50 (0.13)	10.54 (0.85)	0.049 (0.01)
Within genus	1006 (278)	0 (1.67)	10.61 (11.2)	22. 88 (17.34)	0.185 (0.323)
Within family	13,260 (678)	1.875 (4.48)	21.01 (19.0)	30.50 (27.89)	0.034 (0.251)
Within order	23,353 (3164)	15.32 (16.3)	22.71 (21.8)	31.59 (30.48)	0.017 (0.061)
Within class	53,145 (1674)	17.34 (19.5	24.40 (24.0)	37.82 (31.02)	0.012 (0.061)

Note: Data consist of 435 sequences of 101 species, with values in brackets consisting of divergence analysis only with the commercially important species (n = 20).

Table III.  Species with deep intra-specific barcode divergence.

Species	Distribution	Intra-specific divergence values (%)
B. stramineus	Sympatric	9
G. carapo	Allopatric	5
S. marmoratus	Allopatric	9
E. virescens	Sympatric	9
I. minutus	Sympatric	9
P. hollandi	Allopatric	2.2
P. argentea	Sympatric	6
P. vittata	Sympatric	10
Poecilia sp.	Sympatric	2.2

Note: Species names, their distribution and percentage of intra-specific genetic divergence are presented.

Table II.  Summary of the SFR freshwater fish diversity and distribution of genetic distance.

Order	Family	Number of species	< 0.1	0.1–1.0	1.0–2.7	>2.7
Characiformes	Characidae	33	4	1		28 (6)
	Anostomidae	6				6 (5)
	Erythrinidae	2				2 (2)
	Parodontidae	2				2
	Curimatidae	3				3
	Acestrorhynchidae	1				1 (1)
	Crenuchidae	3				3
	Prochilodontidae	2			2 (2)
Siluriformes	Loricariidae	15				15
	Doradidae	1				1
	Heptapteridae	5				5
	Pimelodidae	6				6 (3)
	Pseudopimelodidae	4	2			2 (1)
	Callichthyidae	2				2
	Aspredinidae	1				1
	Auchenipteridae	1				1
	Trichomycteridae	3				3
Gymnotiformes	Sternopygidae	2				2
	Gymnotidae	1				1
Cyprinodontiformes	Poecilliidae	4	2			2
Perciformes	Cichlidae	3				3
Synbranchiformes	Synbranchidae	1				1
Total		101 (20)	6 (0)	3 (0)	2 (2)	90 (18)

Note: A total of 101 species were analyzed using the nearest-neighbor (NN) approach at COI (K2P distance). Values in brackets consist of NND analysis with only commercially important fish species (n = 20).