DNA barcoding unveils a high rate of mislabeling in a commercial freshwater catfish from Brazil

Figures & data

Table I.  Identification of commercial surubim samples using the GenBank and BOLD search engines.

Sample number	Genbank accession number	Type	BOLD full database	BOLD reference database	Genbank	Mislabeled^*
23	HQ689374	Fillet	Brachyplatystoma platynemum (91.45)	No sequence	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (92)	Yes
24	HQ689375	Fillet	Netuma cf. thalassina (90.69)	No sequence	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAC3439 (90)	Yes
37	HQ689376	Fillet	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (99)	Yes
38	HQ689377	Fillet	Genidens barbus (100)	Genidens barbus (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (100)	Yes
39	HQ689378	Fillet	Genidens barbus (100)	Genidens barbus (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (100)	Yes
40	HQ689379	Fillet	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (99)	Yes
41	HQ689380	Fillet	Genidens barbus (100)	Genidens barbus (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (100)	Yes
42	HQ689381	Fillet	Genidens barbus (100)	Genidens barbus (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (100)	Yes
43	HQ689382	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAA2588 (99)	No
44	HQ689383	Fillet	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (99)	Yes
45	HQ689384	Fillet	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Genidens barbus (99.75)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAF4992 (99)	Yes
46	HQ689385	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
48	HQ689353	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAA2588 (100)	No
49	HQ689354	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAA2588 (99)	No
50	HQ689355	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAA2588 (100)	No
51	HQ689356	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (98)	No
52	HQ689357	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
53	HQ689358	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
54	HQ689359	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
55	HQ689360	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
56	HQ689361	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
57	HQ689362	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (99)	No
58	HQ689363	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	No
59	HQ689364	Fillet	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (98)	No
66	HQ689365	Fillet	Cynoscion jamaicensis (89.73)	No sequence	Roncador stearnsii (87)	Yes
67	HQ689366	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (99)	Yes
68	HQ689367	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (100)	Yes
69	HQ689368	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (99)	Yes
70	HQ689369	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (99)	Yes
71	HQ689370	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Cynoscion virescens (99.58)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (99)	Yes
72	HQ689371	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (100)	Yes
73	HQ689372	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (100)	Yes
74	HQ689373	Fillet	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Cynoscion virescens (99.16)	Perciformes sp. BOLD:AAJ3285 (100)	Yes
14	HQ689347	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (99)	Yes
16	HQ689348	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.41)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.41)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (99)	Yes
17	HQ689349	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (98.82)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (98.82)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (98)	Yes
18	HQ689350	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
20	HQ689351	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (99)	Yes
21	HQ689352	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
78	HQ689323	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.62)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.62)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (99)	Yes
79	HQ689336	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
80	HQ689337	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
81	HQ689338	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
82	HQ689339	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
83	HQ689340	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
84	HQ689341	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
85	HQ689342	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
86	HQ689343	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
87	HQ689344	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.62)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (99.62)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (99%)	Yes
88	HQ689345	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
89	HQ689346	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
90	HQ689324	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
91	HQ689325	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
92	HQ689326	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
93	HQ689327	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
94	HQ689328	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
95	HQ689329	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
96	HQ689330	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
97	HQ689331	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
98	HQ689332	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
99	HQ689333	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
100	HQ689334	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (100)	Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (100)	Yes
BS1	HQ689335	Whole	Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (100)	Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (100)	Siluriformes sp. BOLD:AAD0242 (100)	No

Note: Sixty-three commercial samples labeled as surubim were obtained from the markets in Belo Horizonte (Brazil). Recovered COI sequences were compared with BOLD Full and Reference databases, as well as with GenBank for identification (identity percentage score in parentheses). GenBank accession numbers for each sample are provided

* Acceptable species follow FishBase nomenclature.

Figure 1.  Distance analysis of whole and filleted fishes commercialized as surubim. Neighbor-joining trees of K2P distances were generated among surubim samples commercialized as (a) whole and (c) filleted fishes. Common names in Portuguese and English are shown according to FishBase. Graphical representation of the percentage of surubim samples commercialized as (b) whole or (d) filleted that belong to P. corruscans species, to the genus Pseudoplatystoma (except for P. corruscans), or to other genera.

Table II.  Common names and price per kilogram of commercialized fish mislabeled as surubim.

Common name	Type	Price/kg (US$)
Surubim or Pintado	Whole	11.56
Surubim or Pintado	Fillets	14.59
Bagre	Fillets	8.16
Corvina	Fillets	5.63