Effects of sodium pyruvate on ameliorating metabolic acidosis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Changes in venous blood pH in response to NH4Cl loading and infusion of solution via tail vein treated with normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate (SB) at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1, sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SP1), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg-1 (SP2), and sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg-1 (SP3). Data are presented as means (SD); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, vs. NS; #P < 0.05, vs. SB; &P < 0.05, vs. SP1; ^aP< 0.05, T0 vs. baseline.

Figure 2. Changes in venous plasma base excess (BE) and concentration of bicarbonate (cHCO3-, mmol·L-1) in response to NH4Cl loading and infusion of solution via tail vein treated with normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SB), sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SP1), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg-1 (SP2), and sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg-1 (SP3). Data are presented as means (SD); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.05, vs. NS; ##P < 0.01, vs. SB; &&P < 0.05 vs. SP1; ^aP < 0.05, T0 vs. baseline.

Figure 3. Changes in venous plasma concentration of potassium (cK+, mmol·L-1, A), sodium (cNa+, mmol·L-1, B), calcium (Ca2+, mmol·L-1, C), and chloride (cCl-, mmol·L-1, D) in response to NH4Cl loading and infusion of solution via tail vein treated with normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SB), sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SP1), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg-1 (SP2), and sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg-1 (SP3). Data are presented as means (SD); **P < 0.05, vs. NS; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, vs. SB; &&P < 0.01, vs. SP1; ^aP < 0.05, T0 vs. baseline.

Table I. Venous Blood PaCO₂ and PaO_2.

Parameter (time)	NS (n = 7)	SB (n = 8)	SP1 (n = 8)	SP2 (n = 8)	SP3 (n = 8)
PaCO2
Normal	47.00 ± 11.73	47.60 ± 5.77	42.71 ± 6.29	46.29 ± 7.39	41.33 ± 2.07
T0	39.86 ± 6.52	40.75 ± 5.87	40.38 ± 4.00	40.25 ± 4.46	42.50 ± 4.84
T15	35.14 ± 2.27	36.75 ± 2.92	36.19 ± 2.98	34.25 ± 3.24	36.14 ± 6.28
T30	35.71 ± 2.29	35.75 ± 3.01	35.25 ± 4.89	35.43 ± 3.99	37.25 ± 2.38
T60	36.86 ± 2.41	36.88 ± 1.64	36.38 ± 2.88	36.57 ± 2.44	37.25 ± 3.65
T120	38.14 ± 1.95	36.88 ± 3.27	37.29 ± 2.14	36.75 ± 1.83	37.38 ± 5.71
T240	35.83 ± 5.46	36.40 ± 2.61	37.60 ± 1.67	38.75 ± 3.20	38.40 ± 2.79
PaO2
Normal	38.20 ± 7.56	42.40 ± 2.41	37.29 ± 3.55	38.57 ± 2.51	40.83 ± 4.07
T0	44.71 ± 5.65	42.50 ± 5.21	44.00 ± 6.00	45.13 ± 2.70	43.13 ± 2.85
T15	38.43 ± 2.64	37.50 ± 3.30	37.50 ± 6.39	35.43 ± 5.35	38.14 ± 6.49
T30	35.14 ± 4.81	34.50 ± 2.51	36.88 ± 8.68	38.71 ± 7.93	30.25 ± 3.58
T60	35.00 ± 5.13	34.00 ± 3.02	35.63 ± 6.02	34.86 ± 6.09	30.75 ± 3.28
T120	33.67 ± 3.44	35.00 ± 6.55	35.86 ± 3.98	33.63 ± 3.38	35.71 ± 7.48
T240	37.33 ± 6.56	33.80 ± 4.32	30.25 ± 3.20	37.50 ± 13.17	32.20 ± 5.59

Changes in venous plasma PaCO₂ and PaO₂ (mmHg) in response to NH₄Cl loading and infusion of solution via tail vein treated with NS, sodium bicarbonate at dose of 2 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SB), sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₁), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₂), sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₃). No significant differences were observed between all the groups in the PaCO₂ and the PaO₂ levels. Data are presented as means ± SD; n is the number of rats.

Figure 4. Changes in venous plasma concentration of glucose (cGlu, mmol·L-1) in response to NH4Cl loading and infusion of solution via tail vein treated with normal saline (NS), sodium bicarbonate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SB), sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg-1 (SP1), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg-1 (SP2), and sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg-1 (SP3). Data are presented as means (SD); &P < 0.05, vs. SP1.

Table II. Effect of treatment on Cr and Urea levels.

Parameter	NS (n = 7)	SB (n = 8)	SP1 (n = 8)	SP2 (n = 8)	SP3 (n = 8)
Cr	45.56 ± 6.65	44.7 ± 4.52	43.89 ± 4.04	39.69 ± 2.61	41.35 ± 4.69
Urea	11.05 ± 1.93	9.82 ± 1.65	9.56 ± 1.87	9.55 ± 1.97	10.64 ± 1.11

Venous plasma creatinine (Cr, umol·L^{− 1}) and urea (mmol·L^{− 1}) levels were determined 240 min after infusion of solution via tail vein treated with NS, sodium bicarbonate at dose of 2 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SB), sodium pyruvate at dose of 2 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₁), sodium pyruvate at dose of 4 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₂), sodium pyruvate at dose of 6 mmol·kg^{− 1} (SP₃). No significant differences were observed between all the groups in the Cr and the urea levels. Data are presented as means ± SD; n is the number of rats.

Figure 5. Changes in intracellular pH (pHi) in response to sodium piopronate loading and addition of sodium pyruvate (SP) 33 mmol·L-1 (SP1 group, n = 45), 66 mmol·L-1 (SP2 group, n = 45) and 100 mmol·L-1 (SP3 group, n = 45). NS addition was performed as negative control group (NS group, n = 45). No addition was performed as blank control group (Control group, n = 45). There was a positive correlation between BCECF emission ratio (R, R = F(Ex = 488nm/Em = 535nm)/ F(Ex = 445nm/Em = 535nm)) and pHi. Data are presented as means (SD). *P < 0.05, vs. NS; #P < 0.05, vs. control.