Nanofiber: Synthesis and biomedical applications

Figures & data

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of electrospinning device for the production of nanofibers.

Figure 2. SEM micrographs of 5% PHBV-P (L,DL-LA) (1:1). (A) unoriented (B) oriented.

Figure 3. Different types of collectors. (A) Plate collector (B) Working-like parallel-electrodes collector (2014) (C) Collector with parallel electrode (Collector with parallel electrode 2014) (D) Continuous collector (2014) (E) Water bath collector (2014) (F) Rotatory collector.

Figure 4. Schematic for fabrication of core-shell nanofibers with a coaxial spinneret. (A) the coaxial spinneret (B) different type of nanofiber which can produced by coaxial electrospinning.

Table I. Example of nanofiber application in tissue engineering.

Tissue	Nanofiber scaffolds	Brief function	Cell or tissue	Reference(s)
Bone	Starch/PCL	Enhance cell attachment, organization and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity	Human osteoblast cell line and rat bone marrow stromal cells	Tuzlakoglu et al. (2005)
	PCL	Enhance ECM formation	Neonatal rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Yoshimoto et al. (2003)
	PCL/hyaluronan	Enhance ECM formation, better cell attachment	Neonatal rat bone marrow-derived MSCs	Yang et al. (2006)
	Bioactive silk fibroin/bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2),	Higher calcium deposition, enhance transcription levels of bone-specific markers	Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Li et al. (2006)
	Bioactive silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite (nHAp)	Improve bone formation	Human bone marrow-derived MSCs	Li et al. (2006)
	PCL/CaCO3	Good cell attachment and proliferation of human osteoblasts	Human osteoblasts	Fujihara et al. (2005)
Cartilage	PLGA	Provide mechanical properties appropriate for cartilage tissue	Mouse fibroblast cells and bone marrow-derived MSCs	Li et al. (2002)
	Collagen type II	Adherence, propagation, and infiltration of the chondrocytes, the creation of pseudopodia	Human articular chondrocytes cell line	Shields et al. (2004)
	PCL	Support chondrocyte proliferation, increase expression of cartilage specific ECM genes	Fetal bovine chondrocytes (FBCs), rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSC)	Li et al. (2003, 2005)
Muscle	Poly(ϵ-caprolactone-co-glycolide)-diol bonded to a diisocyanate, polyesterurethane linked with poly((R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid)-diol	Satisfactory mechanical properties and the absence of toxic residuals	Rat myoblast cell line (L6), murine myoblast cell line (C2C12) and primary human satellite cells (HSCs)	Riboldi et al. (2005)
Ligament/ Tendon	Polyurethane (PU)	Increase ECM production	Human ligament fibroblast (HLF)	Lee et al. (2005)
	PLGA/knitted scaffold.	Increase of cell proliferation and cell function	Porcine bone marrow stromal cells	Sahoo et al. (2006)
Blood vessels	Collagen-blended P(LLA-CL)	Enhance of cell viability, attachment, spreading and preserve human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC) markers	Human coronary artery endothelial cells (EC)	He et al. (2005)
	Collagen-coated PCL fibers	Enhance cell attachment, migration, and proliferation, high quality morphology of α-actin filaments	Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs)	He et al. (2005)
	Gelatin-grafted PCL nanofibers	Improve cell proliferation, maintain morphology of endothelial cells (EC)	Endothelial cells (ECs)	Ma et al. (2005)
	Poly(L-lactide-co-ϵ-caprolactone) [P(LLA-CL)]	Increase in cell density, migration and proliferation	SMCs and ECs	Mo et al. (2004)
	PLLA-CL	Enhance attachment and proliferation	Human coronary artery SMCs and ECs	Xu et al. (2004)
	Poly(ester urethane)urea (PEUU)	Higher cellular density in perfusion cultures, No significant change in static cultures	Rat aortic SMCs	Son et al. (2004)
	Composition of collagen type I, elastin and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)	Improve physical properties	ECs and SMCs	Stitzel et al. (2006)

Drug, Nucleic acid and growth factor delivery.

Table II. Example of nanofiber application in delivery.

		Tissue/cell	Properties	Reference(s)
Nucleic acid	siRNA/PCL	Human embryonic kidney 293 cells	Repression efficiency of 61–81%, high cellular uptake and successful transfection but slow release rate	Cao et al. (2010)
	siRNA/TKO(a transfection reagent)/poly(caprolactone-co-ethyl ethylene phosphate)	Mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells	Fast siRNA release rate, significant gene silencing	Rujitanaroj et al. (2011)
	Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-assisted siRNA/nanofibrous matrix	Diabetic ulcers	Increase the wound recovery rates of diabetic ulcers	Kim and Yoo (2013)
	chitosan/siRNA/PLGA	H1299 cells	High gene silencing activity	Chen et al. (2012)
	DNA-incorporated nanofibrous matrix	Diabetic ulcers	Controlled release of DNA in response to MMPs	Kim and Yoo (2010)
	Plasmid DNA/PLGA or PLA-PEG composite scaffolds	Preosteoblastic cell line, MC3T3-E1	Sustained release over a 20-day study period	Luu et al. (2003)
	Adenovirus encoding the gene for green fluorescent protein/PCL	HEK 293 cells	Low immune response such as reduced the activation of macrophage cells by the viral vector was	Liao et al. (2009)
	plasmid DNA (pDNA)/poly(ethylenimine)-hyaluronic acid (PEI-HA)/PCL/PEG	fibroblast-like cells	High transfection rate, induce expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)	Saraf et al. (2010)
	PLGA/Hydroxylapatite (HAp) composite scaffolds incorporated with DNA	human marrow stem cells (hMSCs)	Higher cell viablility, higher cell attachment and desirable transfection efficiency of DNA	Nie and Wang (2007)
Growth factors	Nerve GF (NGF) surface-conjugated CS/PVA scaffolds	SKNMC (human neuroblastoma) and U373 (human glioblastoma-astrocytoma) cell lines	Improve adhesion and proliferation	Mottaghitalab et al. (2011)
	heparin-containing polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (PCNs)/fibroblast GF (FGF-2)	ovine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells	Exhibited mitogenic activity	Zomer Volpato et al. (2012)
	angiogenic or lymphangiogenic growth factors	Skeletal myoblasts isolated from the quadriceps of mice	Increase vascular or lymphatic network infiltration	Liao and Leong (2011)

Table III. Example of nanofiber application in wound dressings.

Nanofiber scaffolds	Brief function	Reference(s)
Blend of PVA, poly(vinyl acetate) with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride	Prolonging drug release	Jannesari et al. (2011)
fusidic acid/PLGA	Prohibition of bacterial biofilm formation	Said et al. (2011)
epidermal GF (EGF)-loaded silk nanofibers	Contribution toward the healing process, decreasing the time of wound closure	Schneider et al. (2009)
Blends of vitamins and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs with PVA and cellulose acetate		Im et al. (2010), Ngawhirunpat et al. (2009), Suwantong et al. (2007), Taepaiboon et al. (2007)
poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (PVA/PAA/MWCNT)	More than 80% cell viability	Yun et al. (2011)

Table IV. Example of nanofiber application in cancer therapy.

Scaffolds	Tissue or cell	Brief function	Reference(s)
Dichloroacetate/PLA	Cervical carcinoma	Reduction in tumor volume	Liu et al. (2012)
paclitaxel-loaded chitosan (CS) nanofibers with hyaluronic acid	Prostate cancer cells	Inhibit the attachment and proliferation	Ma et al. (2011)
green tea polyphenol (GTP)/PCL/MWCNT	Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, (Hep G2)	High antiproliferative effect	Shao et al. (2011)
titanocene dichloride/PLLA	Lung tumor cells	Inhibitory activity	Chen et al. (2010)
hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT)/poly(d,l-lactic acid)-PEG	Human mammary gland MCF-7 cancer cells	High inhibitory activity	Xie et al. (2010)

Parallel-electrodes collector. 2014. Available at: http://www.electro-spinning.com/Collectors_for_electrospun_nanofibers.html.

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Collector with parallel electrode. 2014. Available at: http://www.electro-spinning.com/Collectors_for_electrospun_nanofibers.html.

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Continuous collector. 2014. Available at: http://www.electro-spinning.com/Collectors_for_electrospun_nanofibers.html.

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Water bath collector. 2014. Available at: http://www.electro-spinning.com/Collectors_for_electrospun_nanofibers.html.

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