Recent advancements in the cardiovascular drug carriers

Figures & data

Figure 1. Cardiovascular drug carriers.

Table I. Liposomes as drug delivery system for the treatment of angina pectoris.

Types of liposomes	Drug	Inferences	References
Conventional liposomes	Amiodarone	Targeting the delivery of liposomal Amiodarone to ischemic/reperfused myocardium. Reduces the mortality due to lethal arrhythmia and the negative hemodynamic changes caused by Amiodarone	Takahama et al. (2013)
N-acetyl glucosamine liposomes	GlcNAc-Ls	These results demonstrated that GlcNAc-Ls can be specifically taken up by VSMCs both in vitro and in vivo. GlcNAc-Ls have potential for application in drug delivery targeted to injured blood vessels	Ise et al. (2011)
Conventional liposomes	ATP-2Na	ATP-2Na liposome increased ATP content of myocardium and liver in myocardial ischemic mice. ATP-2Na liposome might have an advantage in improving tissue energy state on myocardial ischemic animals	Pi et al. (2010)
Nano liposomes	Sirolimus	In vivo studies in balloon injured rat carotid arteries revealed the potential of SIR-loaded liposomes as efficient local and controlled drug delivery systems to reduce restenosis	Haeri et al. (2011)

Figure 2. Structure of nanoparticles.

Table II. Marketed formulations of pulsatile drug delivery system.

Formulations	Applications
PULSYS™ Middlebrooks Pharmaceuticals	This company has developed a typical palsy's drug delivery format which is a tablet comprising multiple pellets with different release profiles
Orbexa^® Eurand pharmaceutics	This company has the technology to produce beads that are of controlled size and density using granulation, by two techniques, that is spheronization and extrusion techniques
Diffucaps^® Eurand pharmaceutics	The active drug is layered onto a neutral and then one or more rate-controlling, functional membranes are applied
Pulsincap^® Scherer DDS, Ltd	A water impermeable capsule body with hydro gel plug. Plug length and insertion depth controls lag time

Table III. Pulsatile drug delivery system for the treatment of angina pectoris.

Polymer	Drug	Inferences	References
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K100 M, citric acid	Atenolol	The capability of the system with its prolonged residence of the tablets in the stomach and release of drug after a programmed lag time	Jagdale et al. (2013)
Polypyrrole	Dodecylbenzenesulfonate	The fabrication of electrically responsive nanoporous membrane used for emergency therapy of angina pectoris	Jeon et al. (2011)
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and lactose	Isosorbide-5-mononitrate	The pellets achieved a lag time of 4.1 h in vivo, which had a good consistency with the in vitro results, and the relative bioavailability was nearly 100% comparing to the normal tablets	Liu et al. (2009)
PVP/HPMC	Atenolol	Upon exposure of the prepared tablets to the release medium it was found that the coating layer disintegrates first, followed by the immediate release of FELO from the active core	Karavas et al. (2006)

Figure 3. Pattern of drug release from nanogels.

Takahama H, Shigematsu H, Asai T, Matsuzaki T, Sanada S, Fu HY, et al. 2013. Liposomal amiodarone augments anti-arrhythmic effects and reduces hemodynamic adverse effects in an ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 27:125–132.

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Ise M, Ise H, Shiba Y, Kobayashi S, Goto M, Takahashi M, et al. 2011. Targeting N-acetylglucosamine-bearing polymer-coated liposomes to vascular smooth muscle cells. J Artif Organs. 14:301–309.

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Pi F, Tu X, Wu Y. 2010. [Preparation of ATP-2Na loaded liposome and its effect on tissues energy state in myocardial ischemic mice]. Yao Xue Xue Ba.o, 45:1322–1326.

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Haeri A, Sadeghian S, Rabbani S, Anvari MS, Boroumand MA, Dadashzadeh S. 2011. Use of remote film loading methodology to entrap sirolimus into liposomes: Preparation, characterization and in vivo efficacy for treatment of restenosis. Int J Pharm. 414:16–27.

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Jagdale SC, Sali MS, Barhate AL, Kuchekar BS, Chabukswar AR. 2013. Formulation, development, and evaluation of floating pulsatile drug delivery system of atenolol. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 67:214–228.

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Jeon G, Yang SY, Byun J, Kim JK. 2011. Electrically actuatable smart nanoporous membrane for pulsatile drug release. Nano Lett. 11:1284–1288.

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Liu Y, Liu S, Dai Q. 2009. Design and evaluation of pH-independent pulsatile release pellets containing isosorbide-5-mononitrate. Chem Pharm Bull. 57:55–60.

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Karavas E, Georgarakis E, Bikiaris D. 2006. Application of PVP/HPMC miscible blends with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for adjusting drug release in predictable pulsatile chronotherapeutics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 64:115–126.

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