Preparation of budesonide nanosuspensions for pulmonary delivery: Characterization, in vitro release and in vivo lung distribution studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of multi-stage liquid impinge.

Figure 2. Transmission electron microscope photograph of budesonide nanosuspensions.

Figure 3. In vitro release profiles of budesonide nanosuspensions (ϒ), powder (△) and micronization (◊) formulations (n = 3).

Table I. Correlation coefficients for kinetic analysis of release data for budesonide nanosuspensions.

Formulation	Correlation coefficient (r)
	Zero order	First order	Higuchi
Budesonide nanosuspensions	0.9831	0.9812	0.9993

Figure 4. Dispersion behaviors of different budesonide formulations.

Table II. Fine particle ratio (FPR) for three different budesonide formulations (n = 3).

Parameter	Formulations
	Powders	Micronization	Nanosuspensions
FPR	6.1%	57.5%	82.2%^a,b

Note: ^ap < 0.05: nanosuspensions vs. powders. ^bp < 0.05: nanosuspensions vs. micronization.

Table III. Budesonide concentration in lung of three different budesonide formulations (n = 6).

Parameter	Formulations
	Powders	Micronization	Nanosuspensions
Budesonide concentration (ng/g)	57.4 ± 21.6	658.9 ± 62.7	872.9 ± 126.1^a,b

Note: ^ap < 0.01: nanosuspensions vs. powders. ^bp < 0.05: nanosuspensions vs. micronization.