Basics of DNA biosensors and cancer diagnosis

Figures & data

Figure 1. General design of a DNA biosensor.

Figure 2. The structures of DNA (left) and PNA (right).

Table I. Potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis (Tothill 2009, Bohunicky and Mousa 2011, Smith et al. 2000, Meyer and Rustin 2000).

Type of cancer disease	Common biomarkers
Breast	BRCA1, BRCA2, CA 15–3, CA 125, CA 27.29, CEA, NY-BR-1, ING-1, HER2/NEU, ER/PR
Colon	CEA, EGF, p53
Liver	AFP, CEA
Esophageal	SCC
Lung	CEA, CA 19–9, SCC, NSE, NY-ESO-1
Ovarian	CA 125, HCG, p53, CEA, CA 549, CASA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, MCA, MOV-1, TAG72
Melanoma	Tyrosinase, NY-ESO-1
Prostate	PSA

Table II. Many areas that need biosensors.

Areas	References
Direct electron transfer in proteins	Bidan (1992), Schalkhammer (2002)
Optimization of molecular interactions in the solid phase of diagnostic devices	Du et al. (2005), Lowery et al. (2005)
Device design for whole blood sensors	Connolly (1995), Lauks (1998)
Biocompatibility studies for in vivo sensors	Quinn et al. (1995)
Packaging for in vivo sensors	Grisel et al. (1989)
Microfabrication techniques for mass fabrication of sensors	Hierlemann and Brand (2003), Suzuki (2000)
Immobilization and protection of biomolecules on multi-analyte devices	Mauriz et al. (2006)
Signal interference in biological samples	Connolly (1995)

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