Immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer therapy: An updated review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Generation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

Table I. FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy.

Name of Antibody	Brand name	Year of Approval	Target	Indication (disease)
Mouse mAb
Ibritumomab-^90Y	Zevalin	2002	CD20	NHL
Tositumomab-^131I	Bexxar	2003	CD20	NHL
Chimeric mAb
Rituximab	Rituxan, Mabthera	1997	CD20	NHL
Cetuximab	Erbitux	2004	EGFR	Colorectal cancer, Head and neck cancer
Brentuximab vedotin	Adcetris	2011	CD30	ALCL and HL
Humanized mAb
Trastuzumab	Herceptin	1998	ErbB2	Breast cancer
Gemtuzumab	Mylotarg	2000	CD33	AML
Alemtuzumab	Campath	2001	CD52	CLL
Bevacizumab	Avastin	2004	VEGF	Colorectal cancer
Fully-human mAb
Panitumumab	Vectibix	2006	EGFR	Colorectal cancer
Ofatumumab	Arzerra	2009	CD20	CLL
Ipilimumab	Yervoy	2011	CTLA-4	Melanoma
Denosumab	XGEVA	2011	RNAKL	Breast and prostate carcinoma

NHL, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma; ALCL, Anaplastic large cell lymphoma; HL, Hodgkin lymphoma; AML, Acute myelogenous leukemia; CLL, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Figure 2. Different generations of CARs used in therapeutic approaches.

Table II. Targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) using immunotherapy.

	Mechanism of action	Tested leukemia or solid tumor	Ref.
Cancer stem cell mAb therapy
Anti CD44	CD44 play pivotal role in LSC*-niche interactions	Human AML, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and melanoma	159
Anti CD47	CD47 is overexpressed on LSCs to evade macrophage killing	Human AML LSCs	160
Anti CD27	CD27 signaling activates the canonical Wnt pathway, leading to LSC proliferation	CML** LSC	161
Anti IL-3Rα conjugated with Indium111	Delivering radioactive compounds and resulting in DNA double strand breaks	AML LSCs	162
Cancer stem cell cellular therapy
Minor histocompatibility-specific CTLs and NK cells	Graft versus leukemia (GVL)	AML LSCs	163
Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) in combination with imatinib	Block LSC engraftment	Murine CML	164
Forcing CSCs into the cell-cycle by breaking their dormancy
CML patients treated with imatinib and IFN-α	IFN-α induce proliferation of CSCs and make them more sensitive to DNA damage-inducing chemotherapeutics	CML	157

*Leukemia stem cells (LSCs), **Chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML).