Pain, health related quality of life and healthcare resource utilization in Spain

Figures & data

Table 1.  Pain severity and frequency, 2010 NHWS weighted estimates, Spain.

Pain Dimension	Distribution (%)
Pain Level
Mild	24.14
Moderate	64.17
Severe	11.69
	100.00
Pain Frequency
Daily	40.29
4 to 6 times a week	12.75
2 to 3 times a week	17.74
Weekly or less	29.22
	100.00
Pain Level and Frequency
Severe daily pain	9.45
Moderate daily pain	28.41

Source: NHWS, 2010.

Table 2.  Distribution of physical and mental component SF-12 SCORES, 2010 NHWS, weighted estimates, Spain.

Range	Physical Component Score (%)		Mental Component Score (%)
	Persons reporting no Pain	Persons reporting pain	Persons reporting no Pain	Persons reporting pain
60 and over	4.09	*	12.74	5.60
50 to 59	56.32	23.38	35.35	24.35
40 to 49	26.80	34.27	30.15	31.80
30 to 39	9.81	25.07	16.79	25.51
Under 30	2.99	16.14	4.97	11.74
Average (SD)	49.88 (8.30)	41.52 (10.79)	48.13 (10.19)	43.66 (11.07)

*N < 30. SD = standard deviation.

Source: NHWS 2010.

Table 3.  Distribution of SF-6D utility scores, 2010 NHWS, Spain, weighted estimates.

Utility Score	Persons reporting no pain (%)	Persons reporting pain (%)
0.90 and over	19.25	5.77
0.80 to 0.89	19.89	9.68
0.70 to 0.79	17.46	13.10
0.60 to 0.69	34.07	37.21
0.50 to 0.59	7.84	25.85
Less than 0.50	1.48	8.40
Average (SD)	0.75 (0.13)	0.65 (0.13)

SD = standard deviation. Source: NHWS, 2010.

Table 4.  Healthcare resource utilization distributions for persons reporting pain and no pain, weighted estimates 2010 NHWS, Spain.

Resource utilization events	Traditional healthcare provider visits (%)		Emergency room visits		Hospitalizations
	Persons reporting no pain (%)	Persons reporting pain (%)	Persons reporting no pain (%)	Persons reporting pain	Persons reporting no pain	Persons reporting pain
Nil	18.37	7.95	78.20	68.05	92.26	87.10
1	13.33	4.83	14.61	14.94	5.66	9.54
2	14.90	9.31	3.64	8.24	1.05	*
3	11.36	9.50	1.50	3.51	*	*
4	8.08	8.02	*	*	*	*
5 or more	33.95	60.40	1.54	3.70	*	*
Average (SD)	4.58 (6.29)	8.82 (9.77)	0.41 (1.33)	0.74 (1.65)	0.13 (0.73)	0.21 (0.80)

*N < 30. SD = standard deviation.

Source: NHWS 2010.

Table 5.  Distribution of independent variables, 2010 NHWS, Spain, weighted estimates.

	Weighted estimates
Independent Variables	No Pain (%)	Pain (%)
Socio-Demographic Variables
Age: 18–39 years	32.49	24.49
Age: 40–59 years	34.59	47.17
Age: 60 years and older	32.92	28.34
Gender: female	49.25	60.33
Gender: male	50.75	39.67
Education: University or higher	25.17	23.19
Education: High school completed	55.05	53.68
Education: Other	19.77	23.13
Income: Under €20,000	29.02	28.75
Income: €20,000 to €39,999	44.45	47.02
Income: €40,000 and above	10.89	11.20
Income reporting declined	15.64	13.03
Health Risk Behaviors
BMI: Underweight	2.01	2.05
BMI: Normal weight	38.47	32.18
BMI: Overweight	42.13	41.90
BMI: Obese or morbidly obese	17.39	23.87
Current smoker	21.97	23.81
Alcohol user (>2 days month)	10.38	9.00
Morbidity/Comorbidity Status
Charlson Comorbidity Index (SD)	0.328 (0.820)	0.575 (1.060)

SD = standard deviation.

Source: NHWS, 2010.

Table 6.  Regression results: health related quality of life, 2010 NHWS, Spain.

	SF-12 Physical Component		SF-12 Mental Component Score		SF-6D Health Utility Score
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
Independent Variables	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient	Coefficient
Pain level reported in last month^#
Mild	−2.074		−2.188		−0.036
Moderate	−7.394		−3.443		−0.084
Severe	−17.917		−8.955		−0.200
Pain level and frequency^#
Severe pain and daily experience		−18.317		−10.432		−0.211
Severe pain less than daily experience		−16.524		−2.971*		−0.158
Moderate pain and daily experience		−10.988		−4.072		−0.111
Moderate pain less than daily experience		−4.579		−2.952		−0.063
Mild pain		−2.065		−2.186		−0.036
Socio-Demographic Variables
Age: 40–59 years^a	−1.598	−1.550	2.708	2.729	0.025	0.026
Age: 60 years and older^a	−4.323	−4.196	6.376	6.400	0.047	0.047
Gender: male^b	1.419	1.375	2.173	2.184	0.032	0.032
Education: high school completed^c	2.486	2.506	1.192	1.186	0.026	0.026
Education: university or higher^c	2.966	2.939	2.117	2.110	0.036	0.036
Income: €20,000 to €39,999^d	0.928	0.917	2.050	2.035	0.020	0.020
Income: €40,000 and above^d	1.070	1.052	1.847	1.824	0.019	0.018
Income reporting declined	0.876	0.832	2.307	2.298	0.024	0.024
Health Risk Behaviors
BMI: Underweight^e	−1.422*	−1.326*	−2.156	−2.123	−0.027	−0.026
BMI: Overweight^e	−1.356	−1.304	−0.074*	−0.093*	−0.010	−0.010
BMI: Obese & morbidly obese^e	−3.572	−3.476	−0.740*	−0.720*	−0.025	−0.025
Current smoker^f	0.420*	0.419*	0.060*	0.068*	0.008*	0.008*
Alcohol user^g	1.459	1.486	0.011*	0.000*	0.009*	0.009*
Morbidity/Comorbidity Status
Charlson Comorbidity Index	−2.172	−2.147	−1.553	−1.542	−0.025	−0.025
Constant	50.044	49.967	42.028	42.023	0.687	0.686
R^2	0.328	0.341	0.119	0.121	0.165	0.169
N	4992	4992	4992	4992	4992	4992

All variables significant at 5% level except (*).

Reference categories: ^#no pain reported in last month; ^aage 18 to 39 years; ^bfemales; ^cnot completed high school; ^dincome under €20,000; ^eBMI normal weight; ^fnon-smoker; ^gnon-drinker.

Table 7.  Regression results: healthcare resource utilization, 2010 NHWS, Spain.

Independent Variables	Traditional Provider Visits		Emergency Room Visits		Hospitalizations
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
	Percentage Change	Percentage Change	Percentage Change	Percentage Change	Percentage Change	Percentage Change
Pain level reported in last month^#
Mild	23.20		49.10		31.20*
Moderate	71.70		34.90		21.00*
Severe	184.90		353.30		305.50
Pain level and frequency^#
Severe pain and daily experience		208.80		373.00		348.50
Severe pain and less than daily		89.70		272.90		147.30*
Moderate pain and daily experience		101.30		58.10		47.10*
Moderate pain and less than daily		48.20		16.30*		0.10*
Mild pain		23.20		49.00		31.20*
Socio-Demographic Variables
Age: 40–59 years^a	17.60	17.40	−43.30	−43.30	−26.50	−27.10
Age: 60 years and older^a	39.30	38.80	−55.90	−56.20	−13.20*	−14.30*
Gender: male^b	−27.00	−27.00	2.50*	2.30*	11.00*	11.40*
Education: high school completed^c	3.20*	3.10*	−34.60	−34.70	−54.00	−54.40
Education: university or higher^c	−0.60*	−0.20*	−51.10	−50.90	−59.40	−59.40
Income: €20,000 to €39,999^d	−3.80*	−3.60*	−11.40*	−11.50*	0.90*	1.40*
Income: €40,000 and above^d	−3.50*	−3.10*	4.60*	4.80*	32.20*	33.30*
Income reporting declined	−17.60	−17.20	−14.90*	−14.80*	10.70*	10.60*
Health Risk Behaviors
BMI: Underweight^e	28.80	28.90	68.90	68.80	117.70	111.60*
BMI: Overweight^e	12.20	12.00	−4.60*	−4.60*	3.10*	2.90*
BMI: Obese & morbidly obese^e	30.70	30.20	11.30*	11.20*	2.50*	1.80*
Current smoker^f	−5.90*	−6.20*	−2.40*	−2.80*	−23.30*	−23.60*
Alcohol user^g	1.00*	0.80*	−18.10*	−18.40*	−26.20*	−26.90*
Morbidity/Comorbidity Status
Charlson Comorbidity Index	35.20	34.80	45.80	45.10	72.20	71.60
Alpha	0.029	0.029	0.232	0.232	0.798	0.798
N	4992	4992	4992	4992	4992	4992

All variables significant at 5% level except (*).

Reference categories: ^#no pain reported in last month; ^aage 18 to 39 years; ^bfemales; ^cnot completed high school; ^dincome under €20,000; ^eBMI normal weight; ^fnon-smoker; ^gnon-drinker.