Childhood traumatization by primary caretaker and affect dysregulation in patients with borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study groups and the total sample

	BPD	SoD	BPD+SoD	PC	Total sample
N=	120	159	129	64	472
Male	40	47	30	28	145
Female	80	112	99	36	327
Age M (SD)	29.9 (8.8)	38.3 (10.5)	33.6 (9.1)	36.8 (9.9)	34.7 (10.1)
Social N	30.8%	45.3%	40.3%	28.1%	37.9%
T	60.8	41.5	47.3	56.3	50.0
S	8.3	13.2	12.4	15.6	12.1
Educ L	24.2%	22.6%	27.1%	23.4%	24.4%
M	35.8	45.9	37.2	46.9	41.1
H	40	31.4	35.7	29.7	34.5
Note: BPD, borderline personality disorder; SoD, somatoform disorder; BPD+SoD, borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder; PC, psychiatric comparison group; Social, primary relationship status; N, no primary partner; T, living together; S, separated by death or divorce; Educ, highest level of education attained; L, primary and low-level secondary education; M, middle level secondary education; H, high-level secondary education.

Table 2. Correlations between affect dysregulation and TPC for total sample

N=471	Over-regulation of affect	Under-regulation of affect
Developmental epoch 0–6 years	.05	.11
Developmental epoch 7–12 years	.03	.02
Developmental epoch 13–18 years	.00	.08
Sexual TPC	.05	.02
Emotional TPC	.01	.14^**
Physical TPC	.10^*	.04

* p≤.05

** p≤.01.

Fig 1. Comparison of TPC types, developmental epochs, and total TPC experiences for diagnostic study groups.

Table 3. Presence of trauma-by-primary-caretaker for diagnostic groups

		No traumatic events by primary caretaker	Traumatic events by primary caretaker	Total
BPD	Frequency	34	85	119
	% group	28.6%	71.4%	100.0%
	Std. residual	−1.4	1.1
SoD	Frequency	77	81	158
	% group	48.7%	51.3%	100.0%
	Std. residual	2.6	–1.9
BPD+SoD	Frequency	29	100	129
	% group	22.5%	77.5%	100.0%
	Std. residual	−2.6	2.0
PC	Frequency	31	33	64
	% group	48.4%	51.6%	100.0%
	Std. residual	1.6	–1.2
Total	Total	171	229	470
	% group	36.4%	63.6%	100.0%
Note: BPD, borderline personality disorder; SoD, somatoform disorder; BPD+SoD, borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder; PC, psychiatric comparison group; Std. residual, standardized residual values. Cells with values less than–2 or greater than 2 are statistically significant and are identified in bold type. A negative value indicates “less frequent than expected” and a positive value indicates “more frequent than expected.”

Table 4. Between group differences for TPC experiences, developmental epochs and affect dysregulation

	F(3, 464)	Partial eta-squared
Emotional TPC	6.79^***	.04
Physical TPC	8.08^***	.05
Sexual TPC	1.43	.01
Total TPC experiences	7.81^***	.05
Developmental epoch 0–6	6.01^***	.04
Developmental epoch 7–12	4.57^**	.03
Developmental epoch 13–18	7.64^***	.05
Under-regulation of affect	26.1^***	.14
Over-regulation of affect	5.33^***	.03

** p≤.01

*** p≤.001.

Table 5. Means and SD for scores for TPC types, developmental epochs, and affect dysregulation

	Group	Emotional TPC	Physical TPC	Sexual TPC	Epoch 0–6	Epoch 7–12	Epoch 13–18	Total TPC	Over-regulation of affect	Under-regulation of affect
	BPD	5.11 (4.37)	1.61 (3.23)	.43 (1.61)	2.45 (2.89)	2.40 (2.47)	2.28 (2.39)	7.19 (7.21)	77.06 (17.89)	8.29 (1.84)
	SoD	3.35 (4.22)	3.80 (.61)	.79 (2.07)	1.70 (2.89)	1.93 (2.64)	1.66 (2.48)	5.26 (7.18)	72.77 (17.51)	6.64 (2.02)
Mean (SD)
	BPD+SoD	5.35 (4.43)	4.05 (.78)	.89 (2.19)	3.21 (3.42)	3.00 (2.76)	3.01 (2.81)	9.22 (8.26)	79.26 (17.90)	8.44 (1.83)
	PC	3.64 (4.40)	3.67 (.61)	.56 (1.90)	1.92 (3.36)	1.89 (2.74)	1.70 (2.33)	5.42 (7.63)	70.70 (19.55)	7.19 (2.30)
Note: BPD, borderline personality disorder; SoD, somatoform disorder; BPD+SoD, borderline personality disorder and somatoform disorder; PC, psychiatric comparison group; SD, standard deviation.