Figures & data
Figure 1. Schematic presentation of the Maillard reaction. Reactive carbonyl groups of a reducing sugar react with neutrophilic free amino groups of proteins to form a reversible Schiff base. Through rearrangement a more stable Amadori product is formed. Dependent on the nature of these early glycation end products, protein adducts or protein crosslinks are formed.
Table 1. Detected AGEs in skin*
Table 2. Expression of human RAGE in skin and skin cells*
Figure 2. Effects of AGEs on skin. AGEs are formed intracellularly and extracellularly. They can react with proteins, lipids and nucleic acids in almost all skin cells as well as on intracellular or extracellular proteins. Through alteration of the physicochemical properties of dermal proteins, decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptosis and senescence, induction of oxidative stress and proinflammatory mediators as well as other pathways, AGEs contribute to the overall picture of skin aging. Triangles represent AGEs. Abbreviations: jak/stat, januskinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein-1; all other abbreviations are already explained in the text.
