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Terrae Incognitae
The Journal of the Society for the History of Discoveries
Volume 56, 2024 - Issue 1: Special Issue On French Exploration Of Mexico
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Articles

A Frenchman in the Solitudes of the Mexican Southeast: Désiré Charnay’s use of Landscapes and Emotions in the Construction of his Exploration Narrative and Identity

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Pages 38-56 | Published online: 09 Apr 2024
 

Abstract

This article examines travel writings by Désiré Charnay, a French explorer better known for his work in the fields of archeology and photography than for his literary production. The article examines Charnay’s writings about southeastern Mexico, published during the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly his descriptions of the jungle, the mountains, the plains, the ancient ruins, along with accounts of his own perils and adventures. Charnay’s descriptions not only of nature but also himself—he fashioned himself as a kind of explorer-hero—were influenced by Romanticism.

Cet article examine les récits de voyage de Désiré Charnay, un explorateur français mieux connu pour son travail dans les domaines de l’archéologie et de la photographie que pour sa production littéraire. L’article examine les écrits de Charnay sur le Sud-est du Mexique, publiés pendant la dernière moitié du 19ème siècle, en particulier ses descriptions de la jungle, des montagnes, des prairies, des ruines anciennes, aussi bien que des comptes rendus de ses propres périls et aventures. Les descriptions de Charnay non seulement de la nature, mais aussi de lui-même—il se représentait comme une sorte de héros-explorateur—étaient influencées par le Romantisme.

Este artículo examina los escritos de viajes de Désiré Charnay, un explorador francés más conocido por su trabajo en los campos de la arqueología y la fotografía que por su producción literaria. El artículo examina los escritos de Charnay sobre el sureste de México, publicados en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, en particular sus descripciones de la selva, las montañas, las llanuras y las ruinas antiguas, junto con relatos de sus propios peligros y aventuras. Las descripciones que hizo Charnay no sólo de la naturaleza, sino también de sí mismo—presentándose como una especie de héroe explorador—estaban influenciadas por el Romanticismo.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 Désiré Charnay, A travers des forêts vierges: aventures d’une famille en voyage, 3e éd. (Paris: Libraire Hachette et Cie., 1898) https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56961731.

2 Keith Davis, Désiré Charnay. Expeditionary Photographer (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1981); Pascal Mongne, “Désiré Charnay: Explorateur, archéologue, photographe et écrivain” in Désiré Charnay, Voyage au Mexique 1858–1861 (Paris: Ginkgo Éditeur, 2001), pp. 13–55; Víctor Jiménez, “Nota introductoria” in Désiré Charnay, Ciudades y ruinas americanas: Mitla, Palenque, Izamal, Chichén- Itzá, Uxmal (México: Banco de México, 1994), v.1, pp. 9–33. A more extensive version of these biographical data was published in Julieta I. Martínez, “Las mestizas yucatecas en la obra de Désiré Charnay (1860–1882)” in Fotógrafos extranjeros, mujeres mexicanas, siglo XIX, ed. Fernando Aguayo (México: Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora, 2019).

3 Incidents of Travel across the America Central (1841) and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan (1843).

4 Christine Barthe, “L’expérience du voyage” in Le Yucatan est ailleurs. Expéditions photographiques, (1857–1886) de Désiré Charnay, ed. Christine Barthe (Paris : Musée du Quai Branly, Actes Sud, 2007), p. 36, Archives Nationales. Ministère de l’Instruction Publique. Exp. F/21/2285.

5 Cfr. Désiré Charnay, « Préface» Cités et ruines américaines : Mitla, Palenqué, Izamal, Chichen-Itza, Uxmal (Paris : Gidé, 1863), pp. I-IX.

6 El Monitor Republicano, 09/01/1858, p. 4.

7 Davis, Désiré, pp. 201–203.

8 Martínez, “Mestizas,” p. 14.

9 Désiré Charnay, “Un Voyage au Yucatan” in Le Tour du Monde, Vol. V, (1862); Désiré Charnay, “Mexico” in Le Tour du Monde, Vol. V, (1862), pp. 353–368.

10 Sylvain Venayre, “La Prensa de viajes en Francia durante el siglo XIX,” Boletín del Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliográficas vol. IX, nos. 1 and 2, (2004), p. 133.

11 Since nineteenth-century descriptions of landscapes and the sensations they aroused in the observers was a constant feature in literature (e.g. novels, essays, and narratives of travel, including scientific reports) it is unsurprising that travelers used these elements to enhance their descriptions, either of an ideal landscape or the impression of wild landscapes.

12 The desert image of the Argentinian pampas was portrayed in literary works such as Facundo: civilization and barbarism, by Domingo F. Sarmiento, or in the Brazilian case, in Os Sertões by Euclides Da Cunha; both works describe places far from civilization, which generates a feeling of anguish, constant struggle, and suffering.

13 Charnay, Cités, p. 276.

14 Charnay, Cités, p. 280.

15 Charnay, Cités, p. 308.

16 Charnay, Cités, p. 337.

17 There is an extensive bibliography on this subject, see, Antonello Gerbi, La disputa del Nuevo Mundo: historia de una polémica, 1750–1900 (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982); Juan Antonio Ortega y Medina, México en la conciencia anglosajona (México: Antigua librería Robredo, 1955); and Michel Duchet, Antropología e Historia en el siglo de las luces: Buffon, Voltaire, Rousseau, Helvecio, Diderot (México: Siglo XXI, 1975).

18 Charnay, Cités, p. 393.

19 Nara Araujo, Visión romántica del otro. Estudio comparativo de Atala y Cumandá, Bug Jargal y Sab (México: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 1998), p. 44.

20 Felix Driver and Luciana Martins, “Views and visions of the Tropical World,” in Tropical Visions in an Age of Empire, eds. Felix Driver and Luciana Martins (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 4.

21 Araujo, Visión, p. 83.

22 Sébastien Benoit, “Hacia una definición histórica del explorador: Henri Coudreau (1859–1899); De la Guyana al Brasil” in Viajeros y migrantes franceses en la América española y portuguesa durante el siglo XIX (Zamora: El Colegio de Michoacán, 2007), vol. 2, p. 413.

23 Pascal Mongne, “Désiré Charnay: Explorateur, archéologue, photographe et écrivain” in Charnay, Voyage, p. 11; Lorelei Zapata “Désiré Charnay” in La antropología en México: Panorama histórico. Los protagonistas (México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 1987), t. 9; Laura Elena Sotelo Santos, “Désiré Charnay, pionero de la arqueología tolteca” in Tula más allá de la zona arqueológica, eds. Laura Elena Sotelo Santos, Jesús Bermúdez, and Horacio Romero (Pachuca: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, 2003); Tripp Evans, “The Toltec lens of Désiré Charnay” in Romancing the maya: Mexican antiquity in the American imagination, 1820–1915, (Austin: University of Texas, 2004).

24 Juliana Bittencourt y Patricia E. Carrillo Medrano, “A través del lente del explorador: una aproximación al álbum fotográfico Ciudades y ruinas americanas, de Désiré Charnay,” Boletín de monumentos históricos, tercera época, núm. 31, mayo-agosto 2014; Barthe, Le Yucatán; Pascal Mongne, “Désiré Charnay y la imagen fotográfica de México” in Los americanistas del siglo XIX: la construcción de una comunidad científica internacional, eds. Leoncio López-Ocón, Jean-Pierre Chaumeil y Ana Verde Casanova (Madrid: Iberoamericana, Frankfurt, Vervuert, 2005).

25 Charnay, Cités, p. 229.

26 Fernando Aguayo, “Una ventaja de Désiré Charnay en 1880: Las elites mexicanas,” Península 15, no. 1 (2020): 83–104. https://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/peninsula/article/view/75404; Adam T. Sellen, In the Shadow of Charnay: The Federal Inspector for Archaeology in Mexico, Lorenzo Pérez Castro (Mérida: Yucatán, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 2021); Martínez, Mestizas.

27 Based on what we know today of the Maya zone today, we could mention Juan Galindo, Antonio del Río, Guillermo Dupaix, and Frédéric Waldeck, who made drawings and engravings of Palenque; or Alexander von Humboldt and Gustav von Tempsky in Mitla (the latter made some drawings). Baron Emmanuel von Friedrichsthal, secretary of the Austrian legation in Mexico in 1840, made the first daguerreotypes of the Mayan area; while other travelers are mentioned in contemporary accounts, their work is not preserved, except for a couple that refer not to buildings but to monoliths. Lorena Careaga, “Invasores, exploradores y viajeros: la vida cotidiana en Yucatán desde la óptica del otro, 1834–1906,” Tesis para obtener el grado de Doctorado en Historia, México, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 2015, p. 64; Adam T. Sellen and Lynneth S. Lowe, “Ruinas de Yucatán.” Álbum fotográfico del siglo XIX (Mérida: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 2013), p. 10. For their part, Catherwood and Stephens also carried daguerreotype cameras on their trip to Yucatán; however, according to Rosa Casanova, when they did not achieve the desired sharpness, they discarded the idea of obtaining these prints and opted to continue with drawings and decals. Rosa Casanova, “Un nuevo modo de representar: fotografía en México, 1839–1861” in Hacia otra historia del arte en México (México: Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 2008), pp. 197–198.

28 Antonio E. de Pedro Robles, “Arqueologías americanas. La representación del mundo antiguo mexicano y el debate estético en el contexto europeo de la primera mitad del siglo XIX,” Decimonónica 6, no. 1 (2009), pp. 46–68. https://www.decimononica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/dePedroRobles_6.1.pdf

29 Désiré Charnay. Les anciennes villes du nouveau monde. Voyages d’explorations au Mexique et dans l’Amerique centrale. (Paris: Librairie Hachette et Cie., 1885), p. 201.

30 Chateaubriand’s Atala, in Florida, for example. Teophile Gautier was influenced by an orientalist tendency and was fascinated by the Islamic heritage in Spain; also see Alexandre Dumas’s 1840s works. Writers also wrote adventure novels to heighten readers’ interest. In the case of Mexico, several authors (Paul Duplessis, Lucien Biart, and Gabriel Ferry) published novels. Marie Giovanni’s journal de voyage d’une Parisienne (1856) can be considered an adventure novel, in which a young French woman travels through the British colonial territories like Tasmania and New Zealand and other places considered of great interest to France, including California and Mexico.

31 Charnay, Cités, p. 397.

32 Charnay, Cités, p. 347.

33 Charnay, Cités, p. 433.

34 Charnay, Cités, p. 412.

35 Charnay, Les anciennes, p. 161.

36 Charnay, Cités, pp. 437–438.

37 Charnay, Cités, p. 440.

38 Urs Bitterli, Los Salvajes y los Civilizados (México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1982), p. 389. There was a French air of superiority, a judgment based on European—above all, French—standards, which deemed the French intellect and civilization supeior. French removal of archeological pieces from the great museums of the leading colonial powers was not frowned upon by the French, but on the contrary, a “rescue” mission to preserve the history of humanity.

39 Clementina Díaz y de Ovando, Memoria de un debate (1880): la postura de México frente al patrimonio arqueológico nacional (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1990). This text includes the complete congressional record of the debate of October 28, 1880, in which the Mexican Congress discussed the authorization for the exportation of a third part of the pieces that Charnay obtained in his excavations, which had to be previously chosen by the National Museum, photographed and have their respective casts made. A more recent text on the subject is Christina Bueno, The Pursuit of Ruins: Archaeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2016).

40 About these “weekend trips,” see the reference to the text Alegre viaje de cuatro amigos a las ruinas de Uxmal en 18 de marzo de 1852, by anonymous author, cited in Mario Humberto Ruz and Adam T. Sellen, “Presentación” in Ideas, ideólogos e idearios en la construcción de la imagen peninsular (Izamal: Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, 2015), p. 15.

41 Charnay, Cités, p. 332.

42 Frédéric Waldeck, “Les antiquités mexicaines et la photographie,” Le trait d’union, 1862/04/19, p. 4. On the other hand, Depetris has written about Waldeck’s heroic self-perception in Palenque by analyzing the travel narrative. Carolina Depetris, El héroe involuntario. Fréderic de Waldeck y su viaje por Yucatán (Mérida: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro Peninsular en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 2014). https://www.cephcis.unam.mx/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/heroe-involuntario.pdf

43 Charnay, Cités, p. 463.

44 For a more extensive study on this subject see, Julieta Izcarulli Martínez López, “Fotografía y grabado en el siglo XIX. El caso de dos imágenes de Désiré Charnay,” Revista de Arte Ibero Nierika 10, no. 19 (December 10, 2020), pp. 14–47. https://doi.org/10.48102/nierika.v10i19.16.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Julieta I. Martínez

Julieta I. Martínez is a doctoral student in Applied History at the History Department of the Center for Research and Teaching for Economics (CIDE) in Mexico City, with a project about collecting, cataloging, circulating ethnographic photographs taken in nineteenth-century Mexico. Her lines of research examines social history based on nineteenth-century travel literature, photographs, and photographic archives. Her recent publications are “Fotografía y grabado en el siglo XIX: el caso de dos imágenes de Désiré Charnay,” Revista Niérika 19 (2020); and “Las mestizas yucatecas en la obra de Désiré Charnay (1860-1882),” in Fotógrafos extranjeros, mujeres mexicanas, siglo XIX (2019). julieta.martinez@alumnos.cide.edu/[email protected]

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