Understanding what residents want and what residents need: the challenge of cultural training in pediatrics

Abstract

Background: There is increasing recognition of the need for sophistication in the way culture is understood and taught in medicine.

Method: A two-phase study designed to understand how best to approach cultural training with pediatric residents was conducted. A needs assessment, consisting of resident and faculty focus groups, was carried out from which a workshop was developed for pediatric residents. The aims were to increase knowledge of local cultures and resources as well as to encourage self-reflection and awareness of cultural issues.

Results: Focus group participants were consistent in identifying needs for training in: (1) a specific knowledge base of local cultural groups; (2) skills to better negotiate cultural encounters; (3) reconciling general cultural knowledge with an understanding of individual patient/family beliefs and practices. Analysis of focus group and workshop data suggests that culture is seen as both an obstacle and challenge. Cultural training in medicine uncovers a clash of epistemologies: the promotion of culturally-centered medicine is ‘strange’ to learners situated within a pedagogical tradition based on a ‘familiar’ reductionistic view of health.

Conclusion: Reconciling these divergent epistemologies requires a paradigm shift in how medicine understands culture and cultural training. These findings raise questions for consideration in other residency programs.

Practice points

• Residents and teaching faculty identify culturally sensitive care as a challenge in medical pratice.

• Residents and faculty identify a specific knowledge base of local cultural groups’ beliefs and practices as well as skill building as important curricular elements in cultural competency training.

• Cultural competency educational interventions that presents information on cultural groups’ beliefs and practices may inadvertently lead to increased stereotyping unless also accompanied by a conceptual/anthropological understanding of culture.

• In order to be successful, curricula must be aware of the “epistemological clash” that occurs when a reductionist view of health meets this conceptual understanding.

• Training in culturally sensitive care should focus on fostering attitudes, knowledge and skills to negotiate complex transcultural encounters.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Mary Ellen Macdonald

MARY ELLEN MACDONALD, medical anthropologist, is New Investigator with CIHR-NET: Family Caregiving in Palliative and End-of-life Care. She holds appointments in the School of Nursing and Oncology, McGill University.

Franco A. Carnevale

FRANCO A. CARNEVALE is a nurse and psychologist, and holds appointments in the school of Nursing and Pediatrics, McGill University.

Saleem Razack

SALEEM RAZACK, a pediatric intensivist, is appointed in Pediatrics, McGill University.