Computational investigation of equivalence ratio effects on performance and emissions in a dual-fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine with 90% n-dodecane and 10% ethanol

Abstract

As the automotive industry seeks environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient solutions, a significant transformation towards the Dual Fuel Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (DF-HCCI) Engine. It emerges as a highly promising and revolutionary approach to internal combustion engines. This paper provides a comprehensive Computational Investigation on the influence of Equivalence Ratio (ϕ) variations on the performance and emissions of a DF-HCCI engine, utilising a blend of 90% n-dodecane (premix) and 10% ethanol (spry injection). Through simulations, the study explores ϕ ranging from 0.45 to 0.70, providing a detailed analysis of their impact on crucial engine parameters. Results indicate a non-monotonic behaviour in piston work, with an initial increase followed by a decline beyond an optimal point due to incomplete combustion. CO emissions exhibit a general increase with higher ϕ, attributed to reduced air availability for complete combustion. CO₂ emissions display a non-monotonic trend, peaking at ϕ =  0.5, indicative of a complex interplay between combustion temperature and completeness. NOx emissions decrease with rising ϕ, as higher temperatures favour NOx formation. Soot emissions decrease with increasing ϕ , correlating with lower combustion temperatures. This investigation provides insights into the relationship between ϕ and DF-HCCI engine characteristics, offering an optimising engine efficiency and mitigating environmental impact.

KEYWORDS:

• Equivalence ratio
• HCCI engine
• ECFM-3Z
• NOx emissions
• soot
• emissions

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Authors’ contributions

The concept for the study was created by AN and TKS. Together, came up with the study topic and the entire research plan. The procedures for the investigation were suggested by TKS and GAP. To create a thorough and practical study strategy. The simulations required to validate the suggested approaches were performed by AN. This involves creating and using simulation models to analyze the study issue. Data collection was handled by AN and TKS. In order to address the research topic, this included gathering the data. The initial draft of the document was written by AN. This required distilling the study results and outlining them in a clear, understandable manner. The manuscript was revised and evaluated by GAP and TKS. The final draft was read by all writers and got their approval. This made sure that everyone approved of the finished result.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Not applicable.