Evaluation of Patients with Painful Ophthalmoplegia for Benign and Secondary Etiologies

ABSTRACT

This study aims to establish the final definite etiology among patients with long-term follow-up for painful ophthalmoplegia. The data of 44 cases (16 females, 28 females) were examined. In the first diagnosis, subjects were scanned in terms of benign and secondary etiologies. Clinical and radiological follow-up results of patients were recorded. During the follow-up period, data on clinical outcomes (relapse or progression), treatment responses, and final diagnoses were evaluated In total, 49 episodes of painful ophthalmoplegia (44 patients) were evaluated. Secondary etiologies were identified in 21 patients benign/secondary tumours causes in 10, inflammatory in 1, infectious in 3, vascular in 3, demyelinating disease in 1, autoimmune in 2, drug-related cause in 1. 23 patients with benign etiologies; 11 had Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (THS), 2 had Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy (RPON), and 10 had diabetic ophthalmoparesis (DO). 7 of 11 patients with THS met the International Classification Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD-3 beta) criteria, 4 were with a normal MRI, and 1 had a recurrence. 9 of 10 patients with benign/secondary tumours causes were malignant, and 7 died due to disease progression during the treatment process. One of ten patient was followed with diabetic ophthalmoparesis and was diagnosed with cavernous sinus involvement of B-cell lymphoma as a result of clinical progression during follow-up. Painful ophthalmoplegia is a complex clinical condition with a broad differential diagnosis with malignant and benign etiologies. A detailed clinical examination, imaging, and long-term follow-up are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment management.

KEYWORDS:

• Painful ophthalmoplegia
• Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
• headache
• cavernous sinus syndrome
• diabetic ophthalmoparesis

Acknowledgments

Thanks to all contributing authors.

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