Relationship between late objective and subjective outcomes of holistic neurorehabilitation in patients with traumatic brain injury

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the relation between objectively measured outcomes of neurorehabilitation and subjective self-appraisal of those outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods: Forty-five adults (34 men; age at injury, mean ± SD, 30.1 ± 10.3 years) with chronic moderate-to-severe TBI (9.7 ± 5.5 years from injury; post-traumatic amnesia, 80% over one week) from two rehabilitation centres, in two countries. The subjects have had to resume working at various levels of competence following post-acute comprehensive neuropsychologically oriented neurorehabilitation, and experienced no functionally incapacitating, medical or psychological problems, for a minimum of six months after discharge. Objective outcome measure was the level of work competence attained post-rehabilitation transposed from the descriptions of the types of work attained by each subject into a number along a 10-point scale. Subjective outcome measure was the personal evaluations by ratings in six consequences of rehabilitation (effort during rehabilitation, meaning in life, productivity, acceptance, social life and intimate relationships) along a 10-point scale.

Results: The attained work competence was statistically significantly related to the subjective self-appraisal of the ability to establish intimate relationships [odds ratio (OR), 1.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20–2.68; P = .005]. Otherwise, no association between subjective ratings and the levels of work was found. Of the patients, 67% attained competitive, 22% subsidized, and 11% volunteer or sheltered work. The subjective self-rated outcomes of the patients were relatively good [median, lower quartile (Q1) - upper quartile (Q3): 8 to 9, 7 to 8 – 8 to 9 out of 10]. The lowest ratings were observed for the ability to establish intimate relationships (8, 7–8 out of 10).

Conclusions: The results support the need to evaluate rehabilitation outcomes involving both objective measures and subjective appraisals of them. The findings suggest that community functioning and satisfaction with that are distinct aspects of the subjects´ experience that must be considered in the evaluation of rehabilitation. It seems that comprehensive neurorehabilitation improve outcome, and patients with TBI with tailored placements were largely satisfied with the areas of wellness in their life. Additional larger controlled studies are needed to clarify how composition of neurorehabilitation and individualization in outcomes assessment might enhance the outcome of TBI rehabilitation.

KEYWORDS:

• Traumatic brain injury
• neuropsychology
• rehabilitation
• outcome assessment

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Professors Leonard Diller and Yehuda Ben-Yishay, George Prigatano, PhD, Sanna Koskinen, PhD, Teppo Särkämö, PhD, and HannuVirtanen, MD, for their critical review of the study proposal and the manuscript.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by The Finnish Cultural Foundation which is a private foundation dedicated to promoting science; The State Research Funding (EVO) based on the Health Care Act (1326/2010) in Finland for university level health research assigned by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.