Facilitators, barriers, and strategies of communication in Malaysian school-age children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate: Results of in-depth online qualitative interviews

ABSTRACT

This study explores the perceptions of facilitators, barriers to communication and strategies in Malaysian school-aged children with non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (CL/P), parents, and teachers. Fourteen children with non-syndromic CL/P aged 7 to 12 years, their parents (n = 16), and their teachers (n = 10) were recruited via purposive sampling. Participants were selected based on resilience scores (RS-10; (Wagnild, 2015) distinguishing low (<34) from high resilience (35–40) (Wagnild, 2015). Individual in-depth interviews were conducted online and evaluated qualitatively. The analyses were conducted utilising the guidelines by Braun and Clarke (2006). Inductive thematic analysis was performed. Facilitators for communication identified by children, parents and teachers were the child’s personal attributes, common interests, and helping others. Barriers that were identified were unfamiliar conversation partners, and insensitive comments or questions. Children used passive (e.g. ignored) and active (e.g. retorted, explained the condition) strategies to address social communication issues. Children with high resilience responded more actively than children with low resilience. Strategies that were described by the parents included accepting the child, empowering themselves, following the cleft management plan, and empowering the child. Teachers adopted general approaches such as giving encouragement, increasing confidence, and teaching empathy. The presence of face masks was perceived as both a facilitator and a barrier to communication. The study provides information on challenges encountered and coping mechanisms used by children with non-syndromic CL/P, their parents and their teachers. This knowledge may help the development of targeted interventions to support the communication of children with non-syndromic CL/P in school.

KEYWORDS:

• Facilitators
• barriers
• strategies
• resilience
• cleft

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Ethics approval statement

The Research Ethics Committee of the National University of Malaysia granted ethical approval (UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2022-009).

Correction Statement

This article has been corrected with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Additional information

Funding

This study was funded by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia [FRGS/1/2021/SS0/UKM/02/2].