Trends over 1999–2014 in the concentrations of Ba, Cs, Co, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, and W in urine of US children aged 6–11 years

ABSTRACT

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for children aged 6–11 years for 1999–2014 were used to study time trends and factors affecting the urinary levels of barium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten. Adjusted levels in urine declined every two years by 5.9% for barium, by 1.2% for cesium, by 18.2% for lead, and by 14% for antimony. For every additional smoker smoking inside a home, the levels of barium increased by 10.6% and for lead by 10%, but for tungsten levels decreased by 7.7%.

KEYWORDS:

• Urinary metals
• children
• lead
• second hand smoke
• trends
• NHANES

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.