N-acetylcysteine reduces glutamate-induced cytotoxicity to fibroblasts of rat supraspinatus tendons

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Neuronal theory regarding rotator cuff degeneration has developed from the findings that glutamate, an amino acid and an excitatory neurotransmitter, is present in increased concentrations in tendon tissues with tendinopathy and that glutamate induces cell death in fibroblasts of origin in rat supraspinatus tendon. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has cytoprotective effects against glutamate-induced fibroblast death.

Materials and Methods: Primary cultured fibroblasts were obtained from rat supraspinatus tendons. Varying concentrations of glutamate (0.5, 1, 5, and 10 mM) and of NAC (0.5, 1, 2, and 5 mM) were used for evaluation of cytotoxicity. Cell viability, cell cycles, types of cell death, intracellular ROS production, expressions of caspase-3/7, and Ca²⁺ influx were evaluated.

Results: Glutamate significantly induced cell death, apoptosis, and Ca²⁺ influx and significantly increased caspase-3/7 activity and intracellular ROS production (p < 0.001). NAC significantly reduced the glutamate-induced cell death, apoptosis, Ca²⁺ influx, caspase-3/7 activity, and intracellular ROS production (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The glutamate-induced cytotoxic effects can be reduced by NAC, an antioxidant, through the reduction of intracellular oxidative stress and/or Ca²⁺ influx.

KEYWORDS:

• Tendinopathy
• antioxidant
• neurotransmitter
• excitotoxicity
• rotator cuff tendon

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Additional information

Funding

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2015R1D1A3A01018955) and biomedical research institute fund (GNUHBIF-2015-0006) from the Gyeongsang National University Hospital.