Biomechanical assessment of gastrocnemii and Achilles tendon using MyotonPRO: in vivo measurements, and preliminary in situ measurements using formalin-fixed tissues

ABSTRACT

Purpose

This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of using MyotonPRO to quantify the mechanical properties of the muscle-tendon unit through in vivo measurements and preliminary in situ measurements using formalin-fixed tissues.

Materials and Methods

The mechanical properties of gastrocnemii and the Achilles tendon of 12 healthy adults (six males and six females, 34.9 ± 5.8 years) were examined for in vivo test twice within a day and once post-24 hours using MyotonPRO, while nine human cadavers (formalin-fixed, 3 males and 6 females, 89.9 ± 5.1 years) were assessed for preliminary in situ test with identical time schedule to evaluate the within-day and inter-day reliability and validity.

Results

In vivo tests had very high within-day (ICC: 0.96–0.99) and inter-day reliability (ICC: 0.83–0.96), while in situ tests (formalin-fixed tissues) showed high within-day (ICC: 0.87–0.99) and inter-day reliability (ICC: 0.76–0.98) for the results of tone and stiffness. There was no significant difference in the stiffness of the free part of the Achilles tendon between in vivo and in situ conditions. The stiffness of the lateral gastrocnemius (r = 0.55, p = 0.018), proximal part of the Achilles tendon (r = 0.56, p = 0.015), and free part of the Achilles tendon (r = 0.47, p = 0.048) before removing the skin was significantly correlated with that after removing the skin condition.

Conclusions

The findings of the current study suggest that MyotonPRO is reliable and valid for evaluating tendon stiffness both in vivo and in situ (formalin-fixed tissues).

KEYWORDS:

• Cadaveric study
• tendon stiffness
• tone
• reliability
• validity

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the donors and their families for supporting this study and also thank Dr. Shun Otsuka and Dr. Hiroki Mitsuoka for assistance with this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the [Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)] under KAKENHI Grant [22K16780 (Grant-in-aid for Early-career Scientists)].