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Research Article

A Book in a Thousand. Translating Dutch (Post-)Colonial Literature in the Late Fifties: Maria Dermoût’s The Ten Thousand Things In the U.S. and Italy

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Published online: 21 Feb 2024
 

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the successful translation and reception of Maria Dermoût’s De tienduizend dingen (1955), most particularly in the U.S. and Italy: a quite unique case of a Dutch book which has found its way to world literature. In the late Fifties, this beautifully crafted literary work about the faded world of the Dutch Molucca’s prior to WWII, could reckon on sympathy, empathy and interest in different countries. In the U.S., the ongoing decolonization process found a certain support, while Italy did its best to fully erase all traces of its colonial past and only few people with colonial roots tried to keep them alive. The ambivalent, liminar status of this fascinating book, written from a distant elsewhere by a displaced Eurasian author, can explain its appeal to translators Hans Koning and Quirino Maffi – both displaced, too – and international audiences.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1. Gentile, “From Nordic to Universal”; Gentile, “La circolazione letteraria,” 91; Gentile and Ross, “Inleiding.”

2. Verhelst, “Door bewondering gedreven” 382.

3. Swedish, German (1958), English, French, Italian, Spanish, Danish (1959), Icelandic (1960).

4. In Spanish (2006) and German (2016).

5. In Arabic (2004), Chinese (2009), Afrikaans (2022). The book was translated into Bahasa Indonesian in 1975. https://nlf.my.salesforce-sites.com/vertalingendatabase/

6. Brems, Réthelyi and Van Kalmthout, Doing Double Dutch.

7. On which see Boehmer and Gouda, Postcolonial Studies, 37.

8. On her biography, see Freriks, Geheim Indië.

9. Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 169.

10. The surname was neutralized in the English translation. The diminutive Kleyntjes can be read in the original as a celebration ‘of nature and the universe by insisting on the triumph of the small over the more readily accepted power of the large’ (Beekman, “Afterword,” 297, n. 9).

11. ‘Soms luisterde mevrouw van Kleyntjes naar het eiland: hoe de baaien ruisten? de binnenbaai anders dan de buitenbaai, en open zee daarbuiten nog weer anders. Zo suisde de landwind, en zo de zeewind, en zo gierde de stormwind, die Baratdaja heet.

Zo klonk het ritme van het tifa-gongspel, waarop geroeid werd in de grote prauwen; het lichte klepperende geluid van de snoeren lege mosselschelpen aan mast of voorsteven gebonden voor de Wind, die er graag mee kwam spleen; de korte klaterende slag waarmee een vlerkpauw ‘verliggen’ ging, van de ene vlerk op de andere.

Zij, die muzikaal was, onthield de melodieën van alle liederen, alle danswijzen; hier werd nog op de kleine koperen cymbalen van Ceram geslagen, het ‘land van de overkant’; daar bliezen zij op de Tritonhorens, die blinkend oranjerood van binnen zien – eenmaal had zij een verre tocht gemaakt om een zanger het schone ‘Lied van de stervende vissen’ te horen zingen, zoals alleen die zanger dat kon.

En de vertrouwde geluiden: de stemmen van mensen en kinderen en dieren; muziek, zangen van alle dag, uit het dorp over de rivier, op de tuin.

Iemand, die in de maneschijn een liefdeslied zong: ‘de avond is te lang geliefde, en de weg te ver’ – anderen klapten in de handen erbij – een enkele bamboefluit – smachtend over het water. Een slaaplied voor een kind, of een vertelling die het voorgezongen wordt, krijgszangen van de wilde Bergalfoeren op de Ceram, de koppensnellers.

En soms, heel soms, de oude heidense klaagzang (pas op! dat de schoolmeester het niet hoort) bij een die zo juist gestorven is. De ‘honderd dingen’, zo heette de klaagzang – de honderd dingen waaraan de dode herinnerd wordt, die hem gevraagd, gezegd worden.

Niet alleen de mensen in het leven: dat meisje, die vrouw, en die, dit kind, dat kind, je vader, je moeder, een broer, of zuster, de grootouders, een kleinkind, een vriend, een wapenbroeder; of zijn bezittingen: je mooie huis, de porceleinen bordjes op de soldering verstopt, de vlugge prauw, je scherpe mes, het ingelegde handschildje uit vroeger tijd, de twee zilveren ringetjes aan je rechterhand, aan wijsvinger en duim, de tame bosduif, je slimme zwarte loerie; maar ook: – hoor! hoe de wind waait! – hoe witgekuifd komen de golven aangesneld uit volle zee! – de vissen springen op uit het water, en spelen met elkaar – kijk! hoe de schelpen glanzend liggen op de stranden – denk aan de koralen tuinen onder water, en hoe zij gekleurd zijn – en de baai! – de baai! – je zult toch nooit de baai vergeten! En dan zeiden zij – o ziel van die en die – en eindigden met een langgerekt droefgeestig –è-è-è-è? –è-è-è-è? over het water heen (Dermoût, De tienduizend dingen, 11–13).

12. Houtzager, Het een-én-het ander; Praamstra, “Afscheid en de grenzen.”

13. Beekman, Troubled Pleasures, 480. Actress Kamodjojo did it in 1958, when she recorded several fragments from Dermoût’s oeuvre (Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 208).

14. Dermoût, Die zehntausend Dinge.

15. Houtzager, Het een-én-het ander, 8.

16. Leuker, “Het een-en-het-ander,” 205–206; Korsten and De Jong, Maria Dermoût, 9.

17. Praamstra, “A World of her Own,” 60.

18. Oostindie, “From Colonial Past to Postcolonial Present,” 140.

19. Koning, “Introduction.”

20. Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 151–152.

21. Freriks, Geheim Indië, 275ff.

22. Koning, “Introduction,” vii.

23. Freriks, Geheim Indië, 285.

24. ‘Aan Hans K., die dit door mij geschreven boek nog mooier herschreven heeft’ (Freriks, Geheim Indië, 278).

25. To Maria Silzer, her translator into German, she wrote for instance: ‘I’m not actually a writer […] I want to tell, tell what I see or hear or feel’ (‘Ik ben eigenlijk geen schrijfster […] ik wil vertellen, vertellen wat ik zie of hoor of voel’, quoted in Houtzager, Het een-én-het ander, 11).

26. ‘Zonder initiatief bijna’ (Verhelst, “Door bewondering gedreven,” 287).

27. On agency in translation, see Helgesson and Vermeulen, “Introduction,” 9; Gentile and Ross, “Inleiding,” 8–11.

28. Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 188.

29. Freriks, Geheim Indië, 285.

30. Beekman, “Afterword,” 260.

31. Brouwers, Maria Dermoût – De tienduizend dingen, 13.

32. Doolan, “Unremembering Lost Time,” 3. On the importance of space for memory, see Violi, Landscapes of Memory.

33. Dermoût, The Ten Thousand Things, back cover.

34. Also on the Swiss back cover the fact that the text is a translation is underlined, and that this is not a barrier (Dermoût, Die zehntausend Dinge).

35. Koning, “Introduction,” vii.

36. Freriks, Geheim Indië, 279.

37. The book could be read by some as a partial legitimization of the colonial enterprise, or at least of those who embarked in it ‘out of good will’. That is suggested for instance on the back cover of the Swiss edition: ‘In der Kolonialzeit, die gewiss ihre schlechten Seiten, aber auch manches Gute hatte […]’ (Dermoût, Die zehntausend Dinge). Also in the Netherlands, fellow-writer Hans Warren stroke a similar note (Freriks, Geheim Indië, 281).

38. Doolan, “Unremembering Lost Time.”

39. Leuker, “Het een-en-het-ander,” 204–205; Korsten and De Jong, Maria Dermoût.

40. Hannigan, “A Brief History,” 209–210.

41. Van Reybrouck, Revolusi, 492ff.

42. Ibid., 495–496.

43. Filesi, “Ricordo.”

44. Del Boca, La guerra d’Etiopia.

45. Fluent in English, a worldly gentleman and a valiant general, he was quite popular among the population and the African soldiers, since he moderated the excessiveness and violence of the former Viceroy, Graziani. After being defeated by the troops of the Commonwealth, he was allowed to surrender with the honours of war (Venturi, Il casco di sughero, 128–134; Morone, L’ultima colonia, 57).

46. Venturi, Il casco di sughero, 15–16.

47. ‘combattente valoroso, africanista sensibile ed esperto’ (Filesi, “Ricordo,” 347).

48. ‘ritornò in un’Italia che non riconosceva più’ (ibid., 349).

49. Novati and Valsecchi, Africa, 241; Deplano, ”From the Colonies to the Empire”.

50. ‘Poi a un tratto […] ci ritrovammo senza la nostra Africa’ (Filesi, “Ricordo,” 348).

51. Morone, L’ultima colonia.

52. Filesi, “Ricordo,” 352ff.

53. Such post-war ‘colonial’ conferences often stood in the way of a serious, critical debate (Morone, L’ultima colonia, 9).

54. Maffi, Book Review of: Filesi, T.

55. ‘Il popolo italiano ha perso nell’ultimo decennio il sapore dell’Africa e il senso della realtà africana’ (ibid.).

56. And he proudly stated: ‘It was us who re-established the connections – gone lost for many years – between the Italian Africanism and the French, Belgian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, German Africanism’ (‘Abbiamo ristabilito noi i contatti – sospesi per molti anni – tra l’africanismo italiano e l’africanismo francese, belga, inglese, portoghese e spagnolo; e con l’africanismo olandese e tedesco’, Maffi Citation1956: 94).

57. He translated books on Islam, Manicheism, Buddhism, etc.

58. Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 140.

59. ‘l’unione vitale delle due culture’ (Maffi, Book Review: Campbell).

60. ‘tendono ad esasperare e a rendere perenni dei conflitti, in realtà transitori’ (Maffi, Book Review: Campbell, 86).

61. ‘È questo l’insegnamento della saggezza orientale […] una contemplazione armoniosa e serena della vita in cui il passato e il presente si fondono nel fiume del tempo e dei ricordi, astraendosi dal dolore e rivestendosi di un’atmosfera magica quasi di sogno’ (Dermoût, Le diecimila cose, back cover).

62. Houtzager, Het een-én-het ander, 7.

63. Koning, “Introduction,” 12.

64. Pattynama, “(Un)happy Endings,” 100.

65. Doolan, ‘Unremembering lost time,’ 13–14.

66. Cf. Altounian, L’intraduisible; Logie, “Vertaling en trauma.”

67. Morone, L’ultima colonia, xi.

68. Boym, The Future of Nostalgia, 357.

69. ‘Non ho rimpianti, non ho nostalgia del passato africano. Ciò che in esso era fuggevole è fuggito e così doveva essere. È sfuggito come uno scherzo, come un capriccio, come un sorriso. Questo passato non ha importanza; hanno importanza le cose, grandi o piccole, forse soprattutto le piccole, che andarono a depositarsi in fondo all’anima, e vi sono ancora’ (quoted in Filesi, ‘Ricordo,’ 348). This is an entry from Dermoût’s diary: ‘Tomorrow, what will tomorrow be? Are we different from today, today different from yesterday, but “the things” of yesterday have not passed away! We can no longer be as before without those things, which in a sense are us’ (‘Morgen, wat zal morgen zijn? Zijn we anders dan vandaag, vandaag anders dan gisteren, maar “de dingen” van gisteren zijn niet voorbij gegaan! Niet meer kúnnen we als tevoren zijn zonder die dingen, die in zekere zin wij zijn’ (Van der Woude, Maria Dermoût, 162).

70. Koning, “Introduction,” viii.

71. Wilterdink, “Breaching the Dyke.”

72. As Dermoût’s translator Hans Koning wrote, ‘Holland and its (at that time) ten million inhabitants are definitely not as stolid and impassive as the readers of Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates and most other Americans may believe’ (Koning, “Introduction,” viii).

73. On colonial and postcolonial nostalgia, see Pattynama, Bitterzoet Indië. More generally, Boym considers restorative vs reflective nostalgia (Boym, The Future of Nostalgia, 354).

74. Bassnett Trivedi, Post-colonial Translation.

75. See for instance Alfred Birney, L’inquisitore di Giava (De tolk van Java) and Hafid Bouazza, Paravion, both published in 2020.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Marco Prandoni

Marco Prandoni lectures in Dutch studies at the University of Bologna, Italy. His research examines intercultural dynamics in early modern drama and contemporary culture, with a specific focus on migration-related issues, cultural memory, and ecocritics. Recent publication: Essays on Contemporary Dutch Literature. Migration – Identity Negotiation – Cultural Memory (Peter Lang).

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