Statistical design and optimization of nano-transfersomes based chitosan gel for transdermal delivery of cefepime

Abstract

Objectives

This research aimed to overcome challenges posed by cefepime excessive elimination rate and poor patient compliance by developing transdermal delivery system using nano-transfersomes based chitosan gel.

Methods

Rotary evaporation-sonication method and the Box-Behnken model were used to prepare cefepime loaded nano-transfersomes (CPE-NTFs). The physiochemical characterization of CPE-NTFs were analyzed including DLS, deformability index, DSC and antimicrobial study. Optimized CPE-NTFs loaded into chitosan gel and appropriately characterized. In vitro release, ex vivo and in vivo studies were performed.

Results

The CPE-NTFs were physically stable with particle size 222.6 ± 1.8 nm, polydispersity index 0.163 ± 0.02, zeta potential −20.8 ± 0.1 mv, entrapment efficiency 81.4 ± 1.1% and deformability index 71 ± 0.2. DSC analysis confirmed successful drug loading and thermal stability. FTIR analysis showed no chemical interaction among the excipients of CPE-NTFs gel. The antibacterial activity demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration of cefepime when incorporated into nano-transfersomes. CPE-NTFs based chitosan gel (CPE-NTFs gel) showed significant physicochemical properties. In vitro release studies exhibited sustained release behavior over 24 h, and ex vivo studies indicated enhanced permeation and retention compared to conventional cefepime gel. In vivo skin irritation studies confirmed CPE-NTFs gel was nonirritating and biocompatible for transdermal delivery.

Conclusion

This research showed nano-transfersomes based chitosan gel is a promising approach for cefepime transdermal delivery and provides sustained release of cefepime.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Keywords:

• Cefepime
• Transdermal Delivery
• Nano-transfersomes
• Box-Behnken
• Chitosan

Acknowledgments

The Authors are grateful to the collaborating researchers project number (RSP2024R235), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Author contributions

Rashna Mirza: Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, writing-original draft. Kifayat Ullah Shah: Resource, Supervision, Writing-Review and Editing. Atif Ullah Khan: Validation, Software. Mohsin Fawad: Formal analysis. Asim Ur Rehman and Naveed Ahmed: Writing-Review and Editing, Visualization. Asif Nawaz and Shefaat Ullah Shah: visualization, Validation; Abdullah F. Alasmari, Metab Alharbi, and Fawaz Alasmari: Software, validation, and visualization. Zeeshan Hafeez and Sami Ul Haq: Software, Data curation.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.