Ras-Mediated Activation of NF-κB and DNA Damage Response in Carcinogenesis

Abstract

Cancer is a multi-step process during which cells acquire mutations that eventually lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division and evasion of programmed cell death. The oncogenes such as Ras and c-Myc may be responsible in all three major stages of cancer i.e., early, intermediate, and late. The NF-κB has been shown to control the expression of genes linked with tumor pathways such as chronic inflammation, tumor cell survival, anti-apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. In the last few decades, various biomarker pathways have been identified that play a critical role in carcinogenesis such as Ras, NF-κB and DNA damage.

Keywords:

• RAS
• NF-κB
• PARP
• oncogenes
• cancer

Acknowledgments

AA is thankful to Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, for providing a Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). HA wishes to dedicate this review article to the memory of his late beloved father, one of the most righteous, noblest and kindest human being who lived and passed this side of the world. HA wishes to thank Prof. Fahim H. Khan and Prof. Waseem A. Siddiqui, co-authors and co-investigators for their encouragement, inspiration and motivation. We also wish to thank the Editor and reviewers for their critical analysis, encouraging comments and favorable suggestions for the publication of the review article.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.