Diurnal and circadian variations in indole contents in the goose pineal gland

ABSTRACT

The diurnal and circadian profiles of pineal indoles, except melatonin, are poorly characterized in birds. Moreover, there are no data on the effect of sudden changes in the light–dark cycle on these profiles. Therefore, we investigated the diurnal (Experiment I) and circadian variation (Experiment II) of nine pineal indoles (tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, melatonin, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-methoxyindole acetic acid, 5-methoxytryptamine) in geese, as well as the changes in the profiles of these substances in geese subjected to a reversed light–dark cycle (Experiment III). For the first 12 weeks of life, all geese were kept under a diurnal cycle of 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness (12L:12D). In Experiment I (n = 48), they were kept under these conditions for another 14 days before being sacrificed at 2-h intervals for sampling of the pineal glands. In Experiment II, the geese (n = 48) were divided into three groups (12L:12D, 24L:0D, 0L:24D) for 10 days before sampling at 6-h intervals. In Experiment III, 24 geese were exposed to a reversed light–dark cycle before sampling at 14:00 and 02:00 on the first, second and third days after light–dark cycle reversal. To determine the content of the indoles in the goose pineals, HPLC with fluorescence detection was used. We found that, with the exception of tryptophan, all the investigated indoles showed statistically significant diurnal variation. When geese were kept in constant darkness, most of the indoles continued to show this variation, but when geese were kept in constant light, the indoles did not show significant variation. When the light–dark cycle was reversed (12L:12D to 12D:12L), the profiles of NAS, melatonin, 5-MTAM and 5-MTOL reflected the new cycle within 2 days. The content of serotonin in geese in 12L:12D was higher than that observed in other birds under these conditions, which suggests that this compound may play a special role in the pineal physiology of this species. In conclusion, our results show that the daily variations in the metabolism of melatonin-synthesis–related indoles in the goose pineal gland are generated endogenously and controlled by environmental light conditions, as in other birds. However, comparison of the results obtained with the goose to those obtained with other species (chicken, duck) unambiguously shows that the profiles of pineal indoles differ markedly between species, in both the quantitative proportions of the compounds and the characteristics of the diurnal changes. These findings provide strong arguments for the need for comparative studies.

KEYWORDS:

• Melatonin
• serotonin
• indoles
• diurnal
• circadian
• HPLC

Acknowledgment

The authors thank Mark Leonard for editorial support, Krystyna Targońska and Jacek Sztorc for their technical assistance.

Declaration of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the National Science Center of Poland [grant number NN 308 069937].