Molecular Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

The pandemic causing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has globally infected more than 50 million people and ∼1.2 million have succumbed to this deadly pathogen. With the vaccine trials still in clinical phases, mitigation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies primarily on robust virus detection methods and subsequent quarantine measures. Hence, the importance of rapid, affordable and reproducible virus testing will serve the need to identify and treat infected subjects in a timely manner. Based on the type of diagnostic assay, the primary targets are viral genome (RNA) and encoded proteins. Currently, COVID-19 detection is performed using various molecular platforms as well as serodiagnostics that exhibit approximately 71% sensitivity. These methods encounter several limitations including sensitivity, specificity, availability of skilled expertise and instrument access. Saliva-based COVID-19 diagnostics are emerging as a superior alternative to nasal swabs because of the ease of sample collection, no interaction during sampling, and high viral titers during early stages of infection. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 is detected in the environment as aerosols associated with suspended particulate matter. Designing virus detection strategies in diverse samples will allow timely monitoring of virus spread in humans and its persistence in the environment. With the passage of time, advanced technologies are overcoming limitations associated with detection. Enhanced sensitivity and specificity of next-generation diagnostics are key features enabling improved prognostic care. In this comprehensive review, we analyze currently adopted advanced technologies and their concurrent use in the development of diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 detection.

Keywords:

• Biosensor
• converging technology
• COVID-19
• point-of-care diagnostics
• virus

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author contributions

MD and ARN conceived the concept; DDS prepared figures and/or tables; MD, DDS, and ARN contributed to writing of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Samantha Schaller for critical reading of the manuscript.

Additional information

Funding

Research in ARN lab is funded by the NIH/NIDCR grants R01DE027980 and R03DE027147.