Sunlight radiation as a villain and hero: 60 years of illuminating research

Abstract

In the 60 years since the inaugural edition of the International Journal of Radiation Biology, much of our understanding of the biological effects of solar radiation has changed. Earlier in the century, sunlight played a ‘hero’s’ role in reducing disabling rickets, while today debate still continues on the amount of sun required before exposure reveals the ‘villainous’ side of solar radiation. Although knowledge of the ultra violet (UV) component of sunlight as a carcinogen has become widespread, skin cancer rates are still rising yearly. Twentieth century attitudes have seen an about-face in the field of dermatological sun protection, with sunscreens changing from recipes designed to promote a ‘healthy tan’ to formulations proven to block both ultraviolet B (UVB) and more recently, ultraviolet A (UVA), to minimize premature sun-aging and skin cancer risk. In the early 1960s, DNA was first found to exist within mitochondria, while recently the connections between mitochondrial changes and UV radiation exposure have been expanded. Sixty years ago, understanding of the endocrine systems of mammals was enjoying its infancy. Early discoveries that light, particularly natural light, could have profound effects on functions such as sleep patterns and hormonal balance were made, while today more advanced knowledge has led to lighting improvements having pronounced effects on human wellbeing. Photosensitization 60 years ago was a health concern for both humans and their domestic animals, while today chemically engineered photosensitizing drugs can be administered along with highly directed light to pinpoint delivery targets for drug action. Life on earth is inextricably bound up with solar radiation. This article attempts to outline many of the ways in which our opinions about solar radiation have changed since the journal’s inception.

Keywords:

• Sunlight
• UV radiation
• sun damage
• sun health
• mitochondria

Disclosure statement

The authors confirm no conflicts of interest in this article.

Additional information

Funding

This study was financially supported by the Irish Research Council Postgraduate Scholarship Programme (RS/2012/231).

Notes on contributors

Julia Montelin Powers

Julia Montelin Powers BA, BSc Hons, is a final year PhD student in the Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland.

James Edward John Murphy

James Edward John Murphy BSc (Mod) Hons, PhD, is a lecturer in Human Biochemistry in the Department of Health and Nutritional Sciences and Head of the Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group in the Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland.