Outline of a typology of men’s use of anabolic androgenic steroids in fitness and strength training environments*

Abstract

Recent research into the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in fitness and strength training environments have revealed great variance in users’ approach to AAS use and more specifically their approach to health risks and desired objectives. However, there have only been few attempts to develop theoretical frameworks directed at conceptualising the variance in AAS use. In this paper, we propose a unified framework in the form of a typology, which concerns men’s general approach to AAS use. The typology is based on sociologist Max Weber’s method on the ideal typology. The work comes out of the authors’ own qualitative empirical research on male AAS users in fitness and strength training environments, but is also related to and draws on the international literature on the subject. The suggested typology consists of four ideal types: the Expert type, the Well-being type, the YOLO type and the Athlete type. The four types are developed around two overarching categories, namely users’ approach to risk and effectiveness. The typology outlines distinct and characteristic approaches to AAS use and can, thus, be employed by researchers as well as health professionals as a heuristic tool for investigation and explanation.

• Anabolic androgenic steroids
• Max Weber
• fitness and strength training
• ideal typology
• theory development
• drug education and prevention
• doping
• performance-enhancing drugs

Declaration of interest

One of the authors (Dimitris Liokaftos) has received funding for this project from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 661505.