https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8225-1721
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ABSTRACT
Hydraulic structures at river crossings, especially culverts in ephemeral streams, are susceptible to damage during floods due to culvert scour, caused by various factors. It is essential to implement preventive measures to ensure the longevity and safety of these structures. This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the factors influencing local scour downstream of culverts, offering a thorough understanding of this phenomenon. Consequently, a thorough review of the experimental studies and their corresponding outcomes documented in the literature is conducted. The analysis is divided into two main sections. The first section discusses dimensional analysis, while the second section delves into the key parametric factors affecting scouring, including flow regime, scour time, and experimental studies documented in the literature. The methods used in the second section are categorized into three distinct categories: channel and culvert dimensions, flow conditions, and sediment characteristics. This article not only provides a platform for researchers to conduct laboratory research but also assists hydraulic engineers in identifying crucial factors in culvert design.
KEYWORDS:
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Data availability statement
The data presented in this study will be available on interested request from the corresponding author.
Abbreviation
| B/W | = | downstream channel width to culvert width |
| dsm | = | maximum scour depth |
| ds | = | scour depth |
| dse | = | relative scour depth |
| d50 | = | average sediments grain size |
| Fr | = | Froude number |
| Fd | = | Densimetric Froude number |
| g | = | acceleration due to gravity |
| hB | = | height of blockage |
| hu | = | upstream water level |
| hd | = | downstream water level |
| Hb | = | drop height |
| Hb | = | the drop high |
| hc | = | culvert width or diameter for the box and pipe culverts |
| ht | = | tail water depth |
| L | = | culvert length |
| Lt | = | total scour length total |
| Q | = | flow discharge |
| Re | = | Reynold’s number |
| Sm | = | scour mound depth |
| S | = | culvert slope |
| t | = | time |
| V | = | the average flow velocity |
| W | = | culvert depth |
| Xsm | = | maximum scour length |
| Xs | = | scour length |
| μ | = | viscosity |
| ρ | = | density of water |
| ρs | = | sediment density |
| τc | = | critical shear stress |
| uc* | = | shear velocity |
| σg | = | sediment standard deviation |