The Levels of Cortisol, Oxidative Stress, and DNA Damage in the Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Preliminary Study

ABSTRACT

In this study we aimed to investigate serum cortisol, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in children who are sexual abuse victims. The study included 38 children who sustained child sexual abuse and 38 age- and gender-matched children who did not have a history of trauma. Cortisol levels reflecting the status of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, anti-oxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, natural anti-oxidant coenzyme Q, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine as the indicator of DNA damage were analyzed in serum samples using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the child sexual abuse group compared to the control group. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels decreased as the time elapsed since the sexual abuse increased. Coenzyme Q level was lower in victims who sustained multiple assaults than in the victims of a single assault. Cortisol and superoxide dismutase levels were lower in the victims of familial sexual abuse. Decreases in cortisol and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine levels as time elapsed may be an adaptation to the toxic effects of high cortisol levels over a prolonged period of time. Child sexual abuse did not result in oxidative stress and DNA damage; however, some features of sexual abuse raised the level of oxidative stress.

KEYWORDS:

• DNA damage
• oxidative stress
• sexual abuse
• trauma

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by Dicle Universit Scientific Research Coordination Body with project number of 12-TF-123.

Notes on contributors

Şeref Şimşek

Şeref Şimşek, Tuğba Yüksel, and Rümeysa Alaca, Department of Child Psychiatry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.

İbrahim Kaplan

İbrahim Kaplan, Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.

Cem Uysal

Cem Uysal, Department of Forensic Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey.