The Russian Empire’s Economic Policy in the Context of the Principal Developmental Tendencies of the Global Economy in the Modern Era

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

^1. V.N. Zakharov, Zapadnoevropeiskie kuptsy v Rossii: Epokha Petra I (Moscow, 1996), p. 88.

^2. Edict on the Freedom of Foreign Trade [Ukaz o svobode vneshnei torgovli]: https://ok.ru/severna/topic/68112446286752—Trans.

^3. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, series I, vol. 5, no. 11489.

^4. Quoted from S.A. Kozlov, “Problema nemetskogo ‘ratio’ i russkogo ‘avos’’ na stranitsakh otechestvennoi pechati doreformennoi epokhi,” in Rossiia i mir glazami drug druga: iz istorii vzaimovospriiatiia, pt. 1 (Moscow, 2000) p. 168.

^5. I. de Madariaga, Rossiia v epokhu Ekateriny Velikoi (Moscow, 2002), p. 736. [Originally published as Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT/London, 1981)—Trans.]

^6. B.V. Anan’ich, “Ekonomika imperii. Finansy i torgovo-promyshlennaia politika,” in Industrial’noe nasledie: Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii, Saransk, 23 – 25 iuniia 2005 g., ed.-in-chief V.A. Vinogradov (Saransk, 2005), p. 7.

^7. de Madariaga, Rossiia v epokhu Ekateriny Velikoi (Moscow, 2002), p. 737. English quotation taken from de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (New Haven, CT/London, 1981), p. 465.

^8. A.I. Amosov, “Evoliutsiia denezhnoi sistemy Rossii,” Voprosy istorii, 2003, no. 8, p. 90.

^9. Anan’ich, “Ekonomika imperii,” p. 9.

^10. T.G. Semenkova, A.V. Semenkov, Denezhnye reformy v Rossii v XIX veke (St. Petersburg, 1992), p. 38.

^11. N.G. Surovtseva, Eksport ural’skogo metalla v seredine XIX veka (Ekaterinburg, 2001), p. 26.

^12. Anan’ich, “Ekonomika imperii,” p. 9.

^13. A.N. Sakharov, Rossiia: narod, praviteli, tsivilizatsiia (Moscow, 2004), p. 806.

^14. Russkii rubl’. Dva veka istorii: XIX–XX vv. (Moscow, 1994), p. 93.

^15. L.E. Shepelev, Tsarism i burzhuaziia vo vtoroi polovine XIX veka (Leningrad, 1986), p. 160.

^16. B.V. Anan’ich, Rossiia i mezhdunarodnyi kapital: 1897 – 1914 (Leningrad, 1970), p. 22.

^17. Russkii rubl’, pp. 103 – 104.

^18. Ibid., p. 105.

^19. Amosov, “Evoliutsiia denezhnoi sistemy Rossii,” p. 95.

^20. A pud was roughly 3.6 lbs.—Trans.

^21. V.T. Chuntulov et al., Ekonomicheskaia istoriia SSSR (Moscow, 1987), p. 93.

^22. Teodor Shanin, Russia as a ‘Developing Society’, vol. 1: The Roots of Otherness: Russia’s Turn of Century (London, 1985), p. 126.