Are Overnight Urinary Indicators Associated with Morning Blood Pressure in the Elderly?

Abstract

Recent reports suggest that high blood pressure (BP) during the night is associated with hypertensive organ damage, and that increased BP in the morning is closely related to the incidence of stroke and ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between overnight urinary indicators and 24-hour (24-h) BP, especially in the morning and during sleep in the elderly. A total of 85 volunteers (males 43, females 42), aged between 51 and 76 years and not taking any antihypertensive medications, participated in this study. Their 24-h BP was measured by ambulatory BP monitoring every 30-minute using a TERUMO ES-H531 system. Overnight urine samples were collected using a proportional urine-sampling device, Urine mate P. Overnight sodium (UNa_n) and potassium (UKn) excretions were measured by an ion electrode method. Simple linear regression analyses showed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the morning and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during sleep were negatively related with overnight urinary weight standardized for body weight (UW_n/BW). Multiple regression analyses showed that SBP during the morning and during sleep was positively related to UNa_n and negatively related to UW_n/BW. We also found a negative relationship between SBP during sleep and UK_n. The study suggested that urine weight adjusted for BW was negatively related with 24-h BP, especially morning BP. Sodium excretion combined with a large volume of urine proportional to body weight may prevent increases in BP, especially in the morning.

Keywords:

• ambulatory blood pressure
• overnight urine
• urine volume
• urinary sodium
• urinary potassium