Notes
*In truth, many of the inebriate women who came to the attention of physicians were in worse condition than their male counterparts because they had hidden their drinking for so long due to the stigma attached to women who drank too much—especially middle- and upper-class women. Today we know that women metabolize alcohol differently than men and are often at greater risk than men of being affected adversely by heavy drinking.Citation12
†See Benoit Denizet-Lewis's articleCitation25 in the New York Times for more on new developments in addiction neuroscience and the balance between biology and environment in explaining and treating alcohol and drug problems.